http://apologeticspress.org/APContent.aspx?category=9&article=1222
Alleged Discrepancies and the Flood
Name a Bible subject that has been scoffed at or ridiculed more than
the account of the Noahic Flood. Name a topic that has borne the brunt
of more jokes, or that the unbeliever has used more often to poke fun at
the Bible, than Noah’s ark. Likely it would be difficult to find any
Bible subject that has received more derision in modern times, or has
been the subject of more mockery than the story recorded in Genesis 6-9.
The biblical account of the great Flood is one of the more prominent
stories in Scripture, with more space allotted to it in the book of
Genesis than to the creation of “the heavens, and the earth, the sea,
and all that is in them” (Exodus 20:11; Genesis 1-2). Four of the first
nine chapters of Genesis are devoted to the record of Noah, his
immediate family, and the Flood. We know more about the Flood than any
other event (recorded in Holy Writ) from approximately the first 2,000
years of man’s existence on Earth. What’s more, there are several New
Testament references to Noah and the Flood (Matthew 24:37-39; Luke
17:26-27; Hebrews 11:7; 1 Peter 3:20; 2 Peter 2:5). Yet, the account of
Noah, his ark, and the great Flood has been, and still is, a favorite
target of Bible critics.
More than a century ago, renowned American agnostic Robert Ingersoll penned his infamous book titled
Some Mistakes of Moses.
Regarding Noah’s ark and the Flood, he wrote: “Volumes might be written
upon the infinite absurdity of this most incredible, wicked and foolish
of all fables contained in that repository of the impossible, called
the Bible. To me it is a matter of amazement, that it ever was for a
moment believed by any intelligent human being” (1879, p. 155). In more
recent times, evolutionist Douglas Futuyma asked: “Can you believe that
any grown man or woman with the slightest knowledge of biology, geology,
physics, or any science at all, not to speak of plain and simple common
sense, can conceivably believe this? (1983, p. 203). In that same year,
skeptic Dennis McKinsey, the one-time editor of the journal
Biblical Errancy (touted as “the only national periodical focusing on biblical errors”), argued that there is a “
large number
of contradictions between biblical verses with respect to what
occurred” in Genesis 6-9 (1983a, p. 1, emp. added). Furthermore,
McKinsey has alleged there also exist a “great number of difficulties,
impossibilities, and unanswered questions accompanying the biblical
account” of the Flood (p. 1).
Before answering some of the alleged problems with the Flood and Noah’s
ark, one must first recognize that we are addressing four chapters of
the Bible that involve the prevailing power of an omnipotent God Who
performed various supernatural feats. Although a skeptic might consider
any mention of the miraculous in connection with the Flood as an
untenable defense by a Bible believer, the simple truth is that Genesis
6-9 makes it clear that God worked several miracles during the Flood.
Just as God worked miracles prior to the Flood (e.g., creating the world
and everything in it—Genesis 1-2), and just as He worked miracles after
the Flood (e.g., confusing the language of all the Earth—Genesis
11:1-9), He performed wonders during the Flood. As John Whitcomb noted
in his book
The World That Perished: “A careful analysis of the
relevant exegetical data reveals at least six areas in which
supernaturalism is clearly demanded in the doctrine of the Flood” (1988,
p. 21). What are these areas? “(1) [T]he divinely-revealed design of
the Ark; (2) the gathering and care of the animals; (3) the uplift of
the oceanic waters from beneath; (4) the release of waters from above;
(5) the formation of our present ocean basins; and (6) the formation of
our present continents and mountain ranges” (p. 21; cf. 2 Peter 3:4ff.).
The fact is, “one cannot have any kind of a Genesis Flood without
acknowledging the presence of supernatural powers” (Whitcomb and Morris,
1961, p. 76).
Thus, certain “difficulties, impossibilities, and unanswered questions
accompanying the biblical account” (McKinsey, 1983a, p. 1) of the Flood
may be explained sufficiently simply by acknowledging God’s supernatural
involvement. However, apologists do not have to appeal to an “endless
supplying of miracles to make a universal flood feasible,” as Bernard
Ramm suggested (1954, p. 167). In truth, many of the alleged
contradictions and proposed absurdities involving Noah and the Flood are
logically explained by an honest and serious study of the Scriptures.
ADEQUATE ARK OR DEFICIENT DINGHY?
One of the most frequently criticized parts of the biblical account of
the Flood involves the size of Noah’s ark and the number of animals that
lived in the vessel during the Flood. Allegedly, “[T]he ark...was far
too small to be able to contain the earth’s millions of...animal
species” (Wells, 2008). Another critic asked: “How could two of every
animal survive for approximately 10 months on a boat encompassing
1,518,750 cubic feet. The food alone would absorb tremendous space”
(McKinsey, 1983a, p. 1). In a document titled “Biblical Absurdities,”
infidel.org board member Donald Morgan wrote: “The size of Noah’s Ark
was such that there would be about one and a half cubic feet for each
pair of the 2,000,000 to 5,000,000 species to be taken aboard” (2008).
Even one of the evolutionary scientists interviewed in Ben Stein’s
recent documentary,
Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed, mocked
the Bible’s account of Noah housing all of the various kinds of land
animals on the ark (2008). All of these criticisms beg the question,
“Was Noah’s vessel an adequate ark or a deficient dinghy?”
 |
|
Adapted from an Image courtesy of Vance Nelson, CreationTruthMinistries.org |
First, contrary to popular belief, the Bible does not teach that Noah took aboard the ark two of every
species of animal on Earth. The Hebrew term used in the Flood account (as in the Creation account) to distinguish animals is
min
(translated “kind” 10 times in Genesis 1 and seven times in Genesis
6-7). The Bible was written long before man invented the Linnaean
classification system. The “kinds” of animals that Adam named on the
sixth day of Creation and that accompanied Noah on the ark were likely
very broad. As Henry Morris observed: “[T]he created kinds undoubtedly
represented broader categories than our modern species or genera, quite
possibly approximating in most cases the taxonomic
family” (1984, p. 129, emp. added). Instead of Noah taking aboard the ark two of the brown bears species (
Ursus arctos), two of the polar bear species (
Ursus maritimus), two of the American black bear species (
Ursus americanus),
etc., he could have simply taken two members of the bear family
(Ursidae), which could have possessed enough genetic variety so that
bears thousands of years later could look significantly different. Even
in recent times scientists have learned of a polar bear and brown bear
producing an offspring. Some have tagged the bear with the name
“pizzly,” in order to reflect its “polar” and “grizzly” heritage (see
Wittmeyer, 2007). Truly, “[i]t is unwarranted to insist that all the
present species, not to mention all the varieties and sub-varieties of
animals in the world today, were represented in the Ark” (Whitcomb and
Morris, 1961, p. 67). Still, even after analyzing the number of birds,
mammals, reptiles, and amphibians proposed by evolutionary taxonomist
Ernst Mayr, Whitcomb and Morris concluded that “there was need for no
more than 35,000 individual vertebrate animals on the Ark,” plus the
small, non-marine arthropods and worms (1961, p. 69). Needless to say,
the “2,000,000 to 5,000,000 species” proposed by Donald Morgan is
grossly overstated.
Second, supposing that the cubit in Noah’s day was 17.5 inches (a most
conservative “cubit” considering the Egyptian cubit, the Mesopotamian
cubit, and the “long” cubit of Ezekiel 40:5 all exceeded this
measurement by two inches; see Free and Vos, 1992, pp. 38-39), then
Noah’s ark would have been at the very
least 437.5 feet
long, 72.92 feet wide, and 43.75 feet high. “[T]he available floor
space of this three-decked barge was over 95,000 square feet,” the
equivalent of slightly more than 20 standard basketball courts, “and its
total volume was 1,396,000 cubic feet” (Whitcomb, 1988, p. 25), which
means “the Ark had a carrying capacity equal to that of 522 standard
stock cars as used by modern railroads” (Whitcomb and Morris, 1961, pp.
67-68). What’s more, “if 240 animals of the size of sheep could be
accommodated in a standard two-decked stock car,” then 35,000 animals
could be housed in less than 150 such cars (p. 69), which is less than
30% of the ark’s total capacity. Suffice it to say, “[T]he dimensions of
the Ark were sufficiently great to accomplish its intended purpose of
saving alive the thousands of kinds of air-breathing creatures that
could not otherwise survive a year-long Flood” (Whitcomb, 1988, p. 25). [
NOTE:
God likely allowed Noah to take young animals into the ark, instead of
those that were fully grown, in order to save space and reduce the
amount of necessary food. It also would have meant that, on average, the
animals would have lived longer and produced even more offspring after
the Flood.]
THE “WINDOW” OF THE ARK
After informing Noah about an upcoming worldwide flood, and commanding
him to build a massive boat of gopher wood, God instructed His faithful
servant, saying, “You shall make
a window for the ark,
and you shall finish it to a cubit from above” (Genesis 6:16, emp.
added). Upon reading about this window in Noah’s ark, many have
challenged its usefulness. Since, historically, windows have served two
basic purposes (lighting and ventilation), inquiring minds want to know
what good one window, about 18 inches square, would be on an ark with a
capacity of roughly 1,400,000 cubic feet, occupied by thousands of
animals. Dennis McKinsey has asked: “How could so many creatures breathe
with only one small opening which was closed for at least 190 days?”
(1983a, p. 1). Other skeptics also have ridiculed the idea that
sufficient ventilation for the whole ark could have come through this
one window (see Wells, 2008). In fact, anyone even slightly familiar
with animal-house ventilation needs is taken aback by the apparent lack
of airflow allowed by the ark’s design. Unless God miraculously
ventilated the ark, one little window on a three-story boat, the length
of which was approximately a football-field-and-a-half long, simply
would not do.
Questions regarding the “window” on Noah’s ark and the problem of
ventilation have escalated largely because the Hebrew word translated
window (
tsohar) in Genesis 6:16 appears only here in the Old
Testament, and linguistic scholars are unsure as to its exact meaning
(see Hamilton, 1990, p. 282). Translators of the
KJV and
NKJV use the word “window” to translate
tsohar;
however, according to Old Testament commentator Victor Hamilton, they
“do so on the basis of the word’s possible connection with
sahorayim, ‘noon, midday,’ thus an opening to let in the light of day” (p. 282). Hebrew scholar William Gesenius defined
tsohar
in his Hebrew lexicon as simply “light,” and translated Genesis 6:16 as
“thou shalt make light for the ark” (1847, p. 704). He then surmised
that this “light” represented, not
a window, but
windows (plural). The
ASV translators also preferred “light” as the best translation for
tsohar. Still more recent translations, including the
RSV,
NIV, and
ESV, have translated Genesis 6:16 as “[m]ake a
roof” for the ark, instead of make a “window” or “light.”
Such disagreement among translations is, admittedly, somewhat discouraging to the person who wants a definite answer as to how
tsohar
should be translated. What is clear, however, is that the word
translated “window” two chapters later, which Noah is said to have
“opened” (8:6), is translated from a
different Hebrew word (
challôwn) than what is used in Genesis 6:16.
Challôwn (8:6) is the standard Hebrew word for “window” (cf. Genesis 26:8; Joshua 2:18). Yet, interestingly, this is
not
the word used in 6:16. One wonders if, in 8:6, Noah opened one of a
plurality of aligned windows that God instructed him to make in 6:16.
Another assumption often brought into a discussion regarding the “window” (
tsohar)
of 6:16 is that it was one square cubit. Although many people have
imagined Noah’s ark as having one small window about 18 inches high by
18 inches wide, the phrase “you shall finish it to a cubit from above”
(6:16,
NKJV; cf.
RSV) does
not give the Bible reader any clear dimensions of the opening. The text
just says that Noah was to “finish it to a cubit from the top” (
NASB; “upward,”
ASV). The simple truth is, the
size
of the lighting apparatus mentioned in this verse is unspecified. The
text indicates only the distance the opening was from the top of the
ark, rather than the actual size of the window. Thus we cannot form a
definite picture of it. But, we do know that nothing in the text
warrants an interpretation that the “window” was just a “small opening”
(as critics allege). A more probable theory, which aligns itself
appropriately with the text, is that the opening described in Genesis
6:16 extended around the ark’s circumference 18 inches from the top of
the ark with an undeterminable height. According to geologist John
Woodmorappe, such an opening would have provided sufficient light and
ventilation for the ark (1996, pp. 37-44). [For further reading on this
subject, see Woodmorappe’s book,
Noah’s Ark: A Feasibility Study.]
It is important to remember that many details about biblical events are
not
revealed to the reader. So it is with the plans for Noah’s ark. As
Henry Morris commented, “It was obviously not the intention of the
writer to record the complete specifications for the ark’s construction,
but only enough to assure later readers that it was quite adequate for
its intended purpose...‘to preserve life on the earth’” (1976, p. 182).
Truly, absolute certainty regarding the openings on the ark cannot be
determined. We know of an opening mentioned in Genesis 6:16 (
tsohar), as well as one mentioned in 8:6 (
challôwn).
And, since Noah, his family, and the animals on the ark survived the
Flood, it is only logical to conclude that God made proper ways to
ventilate the ark in which they lived during the Flood. Although nothing
in Scripture demands that those living millennia after the Flood know
how it was ventilated, lighted, etc., it is very likely that God used
the opening mentioned in Genesis 6:16.
HOW MANY ANIMALS OF EACH KIND DID NOAH TAKE INTO THE ARK?
Ask children who are even vaguely familiar with the biblical account of
the Flood how many animals of each kind Noah took into the ark, and you
likely will hear, “Two!” Most Bible students are familiar with the
instructions recorded in Genesis 6:19 that God gave to Noah: “And of
every living thing of all flesh you shall bring
two of every sort into the ark,
to keep them alive with you; they shall be male and female” (Genesis
6:19, emp. added; cf. 7:15). It seems that fewer people, however, are
aware that God also instructed Noah, saying, “You shall take with you
seven each of every clean animal, a male and his female; two each of animals that are unclean, a male and his female; also
seven
each of birds of the air, male and female, to keep the species alive on
the face of all the earth” (Genesis 7:2-3, emp. added). According to
Bible critics, these verses are contradictory. “Are clean beasts to
enter by 2’s or by 7’s?” asked skeptic Dennis McKinsey (1983b, p. 1).
Michelle Andrews, writing for a special 2004 collector’s edition of
U.S. News and World Report,
was so bothered by the differences between Genesis 6:19 and 7:2-3 that
she claimed, “there are two versions of the story of Noah and the flood”
in Genesis, neither of which supposedly was written by Moses (2004, p.
28).
The biblical text, however, is rather easy to understand without giving
up on the inspiration of Genesis, or the authorship of Moses: the
clean beasts and birds entered the ark “by sevens” (
KJV),
while the unclean animals went into the ark by twos. There is no
contradiction here. Genesis 6:19 indicates that Noah was to take “two of
every sort into the ark.” Then, four verses later, God
supplemented
this original instruction, informing Noah in a more detailed manner, to
take more of the clean animals. If a farmer told his son to take two of
every kind of farm animal to the state fair, and then instructed his
son to take several extra chickens and two extra pigs for a barbecue,
would anyone accuse the farmer of contradicting himself? Certainly not.
It was necessary for Noah to take additional clean animals because, upon
his departure from the ark after the Flood, he “built an altar to the
Lord, and took of every clean animal and of every clean bird, and
offered burnt offerings on the altar” (Genesis 8:20). If Noah had taken
only two clean animals from which to choose when sacrificing to God
after departing the ark, then he would have driven the various kinds of
clean beasts and birds into extinction by sacrificing one of each pair.
Thus, after God told Noah to take two of every kind of animal into the
ark, He then instructed him to take extras of the clean animals. Similar
to how Genesis chapter 2 supplements the first chapter of Genesis by
giving a more detailed account of the Creation (see Lyons,
2002),
the first portion of Genesis 7 merely supplements the end of the
preceding chapter, “containing several particulars of a minute
description which were not embraced in the general directions first
given to Noah” (Jamieson, et al., 1997).
One translation difficulty, which should not trouble a person’s faith,
revolves around the actual number of clean animals taken into the ark.
Through the years, various Bible students have wondered whether this
number was seven or fourteen (Genesis 7:2). The Hebrew phrase
shibb’ah shibb’ah
is translated somewhat vaguely in both the King James and American
Standard versions. [According to the King James Version, clean animals
were taken into the ark “by sevens” (Genesis 7:2). The American Standard
Version has the clean animals taken “seven and seven.”] Newer
translations are worded more clearly, but there is general disagreement
among them. The New King James and New International versions both agree
that Noah took
seven of each clean animal into the
ark, whereas the Revised Standard Version, the New English Bible, and
the English Standard Version all translate
shibb’ah shibb’ah to
mean “seven pairs” of clean animals. Although some believe that “there
can be no certainty on this point” (Willis, 1979, p. 171), H.C. Leupold
argued that the Hebrew phrase
shibb’ah shibb’ah “would be a
most clumsy method of trying to say ‘fourteen’ (1990, 1:290). Comparing
similar language within Genesis 7, Whitcomb and Morris persuasively
argued: “The Hebrew phrase ‘seven and seven’ no more means fourteen than
does the parallel phrase ‘two and two’ (Gen. 7:9,15) mean four!” (1961,
p. 65).
Still another allegation skeptics make concerning Genesis 7:2 is that
“[c]lean and unclean animals were not delineated until the eleventh
chapter of Leviticus. The Mosaic law arose 600 years after the Flood.
There were no Jews, Israelites, or clean/unclean animals in Noah’s time”
(McKinsey, 1983b, p. 1). Thus, regardless of how one answers the
question concerning the number of animals on the ark, this second
allegation still lingers in the minds of skeptics. Supposedly,
instructions regarding clean and unclean animals were not given until
hundreds of years after the Flood (see Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14).
Skeptics refuse to see, however, that simply because Moses made laws
concerning clean and unclean animals at a much later time than the
Flood, does not mean that such rules concerning animals could not have
existed prior to Moses—yes, even prior to the Flood. As commentator John
Willis noted: “A law or a truth does not have to have its origin with a
certain individual or religion to be a vital part of that religion or
to be distinctive in that religion” (p. 170). Jesus, for example, was
not the first person to teach that man needs to love God with all of his
heart (cf. Deuteronomy 6:5), or that man must love his neighbor (cf.
Leviticus 19:18),
and his enemies (cf. Proverbs
25:21-22). Yet these teachings were central to Christ’s message (cf.
Matthew 22:34-40; Matthew 5:43-48). Similarly, simply because God chose
circumcision as a sign between Himself and Abraham’s descendants, does
not mean that no male in the history of mankind had ever been
circumcised before the circumcision of Abraham and his household
(Genesis 17). What’s more, Moses wrote in the book of Leviticus years
after Abraham lived: “If a woman has conceived, and borne a male child,
then she shall be unclean seven days; as in the days of her customary
impurity she shall be unclean. And
on the eighth day the flesh of his foreskin shall be circumcised”
(12:2-3, emp. added). Moses, however, was not laying down a new law. On
the contrary, he knew very well what was expected from God concerning
the matter of circumcision, even before he included this sort of
instruction as part of Mosaic Law (read Exodus 4:24-26).
For skeptics to allege that differentiation between clean and unclean
animals was nonexistent prior to Moses, is totally unsubstantiated.
Mankind had been sacrificing animals since the fall of man (cf. Genesis
3:21). That God had given laws concerning animal sacrifices since the
time of Cain and Abel is evident from the fact that the second son of
Adam was able to offer an animal sacrifice “by faith” (Hebrews 11:4;
Genesis 4:4). Since “faith comes by hearing, and hearing by the word of
God” (Romans 10:17), Abel must have received revelation from God on how
to offer acceptable animal sacrifices. Such revelation easily could have
dealt with which sacrificial animals were acceptable (“clean”), and
which were unacceptable (“unclean”). Furthermore, more than 400 hundred
years before Moses gave the Israelites laws differentiating clean and
unclean animals, God made a covenant with Abraham concerning the land
that his descendants eventually would possess (Genesis 15). Part of the
“sign” that Abraham was given at that time involved the killing of a
heifer, a female goat, a ram, a turtledove, and a pigeon (Genesis 15:9).
“It just so happens” that all of these animals were later considered
clean under the Law of Moses (cf. Leviticus 1:2,10,14).
Without a doubt, the distinction between clean and unclean animals
existed long before the Law of Moses was given. Although this
distinction did not include all of the details and applications given by
Moses (prior to the Flood the distinction seems only to have applied to
the matter of animals suitable for sacrifice, not for consumption—cf.
Genesis 9:2-3), animal sacrifice to God
was practiced
during the Patriarchal Age, and it is apparent that the faithful were
able to distinguish between the clean and unclean. Noah certainly knew
of the difference.
HOW DID NOAH’S ARK REST ON THE MOUNTAINS OF ARARAT?
In Genesis 8:4, the Bible indicates that Noah’s ark rested “on the
mountains
of Ararat.” This statement, like so many others in Genesis 6-9, has
come under attack by critics. For example, in his two-part article on
the Flood, skeptic Dennis McKinsey asked: “How could the Ark have rested
upon several mountains at once?” (1983a, p. 2). Three months later,
McKinsey commented on the passage again, saying, “Gen. 8:4 says
‘mountains,’ plural, not ‘a mountain,’ singular.... Apologists
repeatedly say one should read the Bible as one reads a newspaper, which
is what I am doing. I assume the book says what it means and means what
it says” (1984, p. 3). How could the ark rest on more than one
mountain?
Although the ark was a huge vessel, it obviously did not rest on more
than one of the mountains of Ararat. So why then does the text literally
say “the mountains of Ararat?” The answer involves the understanding of
a figure of speech known as synecdoche.
Merriam-Webster defines this term as “a figure of speech by which a part is put for the whole (as
fifty sail for
fifty ships), the whole for a part (as
society for
high society)...or the name of the material for the thing made (as
boards for
stage)”
(2008, italics in orig.). Just as Bible writers frequently used figures
of speech such as simile, metaphor, sarcasm, and metonymy, they also
used synecdoche. As seen above (in the definition of synecdoche), this
figure of speech can be used in a variety of ways (see Dungan, 1888, pp.
300-309):
-
A whole can be put for the part.
-
A part may be put for the whole.
-
Time might be put for part of a time period.
-
The singular can be put for the plural.
-
And the plural can be put for the singular.
In Genesis 8:4, the plural obviously was put for the singular. Only a
few chapters later this same figure of speech is used again. Sarah
asked, “Who would have said to Abraham that Sarah would nurse
children? For I have borne him
a son
in his old age” (Genesis 21:7, emp. added). Anyone who knows much about
the history of the Old Testament and the genealogy of Christ knows that
Sarah had but
one child (Isaac). In certain contexts,
however, one might use a synecdoche and speak of one child (as did
Sarah) by using the word “children.” Often, when I call for the
attention of my two sons and one daughter, I refer to them as “boys and
girls.”
I actually have only one daughter, but summoning my children with the
expressions “boys and girl” or “boys and Shelby,” simply does not flow
as well as “boys and girls.” Thus, I frequently use the plural (“girls”)
for the singular (“Shelby”). The emphasis is not on the singularity or
plurality of the nouns, but on particular categories (“boys” and
“girls”).
Another apparent example where Bible writers used “the whole for the
part” or “the plural for the singular” is found in Matthew 27:44 and
Mark 15:32. In these passages, Matthew and Mark claimed that “the
robbers” (plural) who were crucified with Christ reviled Him. Luke,
however, mentioned that “
one of the criminals who were
hanged blasphemed” Christ (23:39, emp. added). Luke then went on to
document the humble attitude of the penitent thief. So why did Matthew
and Mark indicate the “thieves” (plural) reviled Jesus? Although the
penitent thief could have reviled Christ earlier, it is feasible that
Matthew and Mark were using the plural in place of the singular in their
accounts of the thief reviling Christ on the cross. The emphasis, once
again, would be on a particular
category, and not the
number of a noun. Just as other groups reviled Christ (e.g., passers-by
[Matthew 27:39], Jewish leaders [Matthew 27:41-43], and soldiers [Luke
23:36]), so did the “robbers” (Matthew 27:44; Mark 15:32)—not
necessarily a plurality of robbers, but the category known as “robbers,”
which included at least one thief who reviled Christ (Luke 23:39).
Although skeptics may dislike the Bible writers’ use of figures of
speech, if critics are honest, they must acknowledge the possibility
that Moses, Paul, and others occasionally used figurative language (just
as people do in modern times). Once a person recognizes the use of
figures of speech (e.g., synecdoche) in Scripture, he cannot deny that a
very plausible explanation for the use of “mountains” in Genesis 8:4 is
that it is written in the plural form, even though it is referring to a
single “mountain.”
WHERE DID ALL OF THE FLOOD WATERS GO?
According to evolutionist Bill Butler, “The greatest geologic fiction
that the Creationists adhere to is Noah’s Flood” (2002). The idea that
water ever covered the entire Earth, including the highest hills and
mountains (Genesis 7:19-20), supposedly is unthinkable (and impossible).
In Butler’s article, “Creationism = Willful Ignorance,” he asked: “If
the earth’s surface were covered by an additional 29,000+ feet of water,
how do you get rid of it?” If Mount Everest reaches a height of over
29,000 feet, then the Bible allegedly indicates that the Flood waters
reached even higher—approximately 23 feet higher than the peak of Mount
Everest (Genesis 7:20). If such is the case, where did all of the water
go?
First, the Bible is more specific about
Who caused the waters to subside, than
where exactly all of the waters went. Moses wrote: “
God made
a wind to pass over the earth, and the waters subsided.... And the
waters receded continually from the earth” (Genesis 8:1,3). Years later,
the prophet Isaiah recorded how Jehovah compared a promise He made to
Israel with His promise “that the waters of Noah would no longer cover
the earth” (Isaiah 54:9). Although these passages do not tell us exactly
where the waters went, for the person who believes that God worked
several miracles during the Flood, it is reasonable to conclude that
God did something with the Flood waters.
Second, the skeptic’s assertion (that there presently is not enough
water on the Earth for there ever to have been the kind of flood
described in Genesis 6-8) is based upon invalid assumptions. The truth
is, no one knows the height of the mountains or the depth of the ocean
valleys in Noah’s day. Thus, one cannot know how much water was on the
Earth during the Noahic Flood. Psalm 104:6-8 indicates that, at some
time in the past, God established
new heights and depths for the Earth’s mountains and valleys. Directing his comments to Jehovah, the psalmist proclaimed:
You covered it [the Earth—EL] with the deep as
with a garment; the waters were standing above the mountains. At Your
rebuke they fled, at the sound of Your thunder they hurried away. The mountains rose; the valleys sank down to the place which You established for them” (NASB, emp. added).
Just as God miraculously altered the Earth’s topography during the
Creation week (Genesis 1:9-13), and just as He miraculously sent flood
waters upon the Earth, God miraculously caused the waters to subside. In
all likelihood, the antediluvian world was vastly different from the
Earth of today (cf. 2 Peter 3:6). It is reasonable to believe that the
mountains of Noah’s day were much smaller than such peaks as Mount
Everest or Mount McKinley that are so well known to us. Thus, the Flood
would not have had to rise to levels of 29,000
+ feet to cover
everything on the Earth. According to the Scriptures, the waters rose
above the mountaintops; however, we simply cannot know the heights
reached by the antediluvian mountains. (Interestingly, marine fossils
have been found in the Himalayas; see “Mt. Everest,” n.d.)
In an attempt to defend his criticism of the Noahic Flood, and to
discredit anyone who would argue that the Earth’s topography after the
Flood was likely very different than it was before the Flood, Butler
suggested the following. First, he emphatically states that, since
“[t]he Tigris/Euphrates valley existed in its present form before the
flood,” the topography of the Earth could not have changed that much
during (and after) the Flood. Second, he argued that “the text
specifically states the flood covered ‘all the high mountains.’ If the
mountains were low at this time, the word ‘high’ would not be used”
(2002).
Notice, however, the faulty reasoning involved in both points Butler made. First, there is
no proof
that “The Tigris/Euphrates valley existed in its present form before
the flood.” In fact, according to Genesis 2:10-14, there was one river
that went out of Eden that then parted and became four rivers. The
Tigris and Euphrates rivers of today, however, do not branch from a
common source, but flow from separate sources in the Armenian mountains.
The rivers of the same name in Genesis 2 are different from those that
exist today by the same name. (It is very possible that the people who
left the ark, as well as their descendants, used familiar names for the
new rivers they found.) Second, simply because Genesis 7:19-20 stresses
that the Flood waters covered “all the
high
hills/mountains” (emp. added), does not mean these mountains could not
have been somewhat lower than the mountains of today. Butler stated: “If
the mountains were low at this time,
the word ‘high’ would not be used”
(emp. added). On what basis does he make such an assertion? If in a
particular class of dwarfs, some were taller than others, could we not
speak of certain “tall dwarfs” in his class? Who is to say that we could
not use the word “tall” when speaking of a few particular dwarfs who
might be much taller than the rest of the class? Similarly, just because
Genesis 7:19-20 uses the word “high,” does not mean that the
antediluvian mountains were at their current height. Truthfully, however
tall the mountains were before the Flood, some were “higher” than
others, and thus could be referred to as the “high mountains.”
Third, Butler wrote: “Water is less dense than the rock of the earth’s
surface. Thus it would not drain down below the surface. Even if you
forced it down, where is it? No oil or gas well has ever hit a
subterranean ocean 29,000
+ feet thick” (2002). As is often
the case with Bible critics, time is not their friend. Repeatedly
throughout history, time has helped exonerate Bible writers. Whether it
is archaeologists finding remains of a particular biblical people, which
critics once alleged never existed (e.g., the Hittites; cf. Butt,
2002),
or scientists finally learning why the eighth day of a child’s life
would have been the perfect day to perform circumcision (cf. Genesis
17:11; Holt and McIntosh, 1953, p. 126), again and again time has turned
out to be a friend of the Bible and a foe to the ever-changing theories
of man (cf. Harrub and Thompson, 2002). Consider Butler’s comments. He
confidently asserted that the Flood waters would be unable to “drain
down below the surface.” He then asked, “even if you forced it [the
Flood water—
EL] down, where is it?” Apparently,
in 2002, no one knew about great amounts of water below the crust layer
of the Earth. With the passing of time, however, scientists have learned
differently.
Livescience.com staff writer Ker Than reported that “[s]cientists scanning the deep interior of Earth have found evidence of a
vast water reservoir beneath eastern Asia that is
at least the volume of the Arctic Ocean” (2007, emp. added). “The discovery,” Ker Than added, “marks the first time such a
large body of water was found in the planet’s
deep mantle”
(2007, emp. added). Butler criticized the biblical Flood account
because the Flood waters supposedly “would not drain below the surface”
of the Earth, yet a large amount of water has been discovered “in the
planet’s deep mantle.” What’s more, “researchers estimate that up to 0.1
percent of the rock sinking down
into the Earth’s mantle in that part of the world [eastern Asia—
EL]
is water” (Than).
Once again, time has become the foe of the Bible’s critics. Although no one can be certain what happened to
all
of the water that once flooded the Earth, it is very possible that God
sent some of it to reside “in the planet’s deep mantle.” Regardless, it
is unreasonable to reject the Genesis Flood account because one
assumes
the Flood waters could not have relocated beneath the Earth’s crust.
One wonders how Flood critics will react to news of a “vast water
reservoir beneath eastern Asia.”
Where did all of the Flood waters go? The most logical answer in light
of the Scriptures appears to be that God made room for the waters by
adjusting the Earth’s topography. Much of the water from the Flood
likely has retreated into the deeper ocean trenches—valleys that, in
places, are over seven miles deep. What’s more, some (or perhaps much of
it) may very well be under the Earth’s crust.
CONCLUSION
Skeptic Dennis McKinsey wrote that “[a]nyone believing in the Flood
must provide rational answers to...questions” (1983a, p. 1) regarding
Noah’s ark, the number of clean and unclean on the ark, where the ark
eventually rested, what happened to all of the Flood waters, etc. The
fact is, “rational answers” do exist to these questions and many others.
Given adequate time and tools (beginning with the Bible), an apologist
can reasonably counter any and all criticisms of the Flood and Noah’s
ark.
REFERENCES
Andrews, Michelle (2004), “Author, Author?”
U.S. News & World Report—Special Collector’s Edition, Fall, pp. 28-29.
Butler, Bill (2002), “Creationism = Willful Ignorance,” [On-line],
URL: http://www.durangobill.com/Creationism.html.
Butt, Kyle (2002), “Hidden Hittites,” [On-line],
URL: http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/1750.
Dungan, D.R. (1888),
Hermeneutics (Delight, AR: Gospel Light, reprint).
Free, Joseph P. and Howard F. Vos (1992),
Archaeology and Bible History (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan).
Futuyma, Douglas J. (1983),
Science on Trial: The Case for Evolution (New York: Pantheon).
Gesenius, William (1847),
Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1979 reprint).
Hamilton, Victor P. (1990),
The Book of Genesis: Chapters 1-17 (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans).
Harrub, Brad and Bert Thompson (2002), “No Missing Links Here...,”
Reason & Revelation, May, 1[5]:20-R, [On-line],
URL: http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/2509.
Holt, L.E. and R. McIntosh (1953),
Holt Pediatrics (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts), 12
th edition.
Ingersoll, Robert (1879),
Some Mistakes of Moses (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus, 1986 reprint).
Jamieson, Robert, et al. (1997),
Jamieson, Fausset, Brown Bible Commentary (Electronic Database: Biblesoft).
Leupold, H.C. (1990 reprint),
Exposition of Genesis (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker).
Lyons, Eric (2002), “Did God Create Animals or Man First?” [On-line],
URL: http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/513.
McKinsey, Dennis (1983a), “Commentary,”
Biblical Errancy, pp. 1-2, November.
McKinsey, Dennis (1983b), “Commentary,”
Biblical Errancy, pp. 1-2, December.
McKinsey, Dennis (1984), “Letters to the Editor,”
Biblical Errancy, p. 3, February.
Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (2008), [On-line],
URL: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary.
Morgan, Donald (2008), “Bible Absurdities,”
The Secular Web, [On-line],
URL: http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/donald_morgan/absurd.html.
Morris, Henry (1976),
The Genesis Record (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker).
Morris, Henry (1984),
The Biblical Basis for Modern Science (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker).
“Mt. Everest” (no date),
Earth Observatory, [On-line],
URL: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=15300.
Ramm, Bernard (1954),
The Christian View of Science and Scripture (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans).
Stein, Ben and Kevin Miller (2008),
Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed (Premise Media).
Than, Ker (2007), “Huge ‘Ocean’ Discovered Inside Earth,”
LiveScience.com, [On-line],
URL: http://www.livescience.com/environment/070228_beijing_anomoly.html.
Wells, Steve (2008),
Skeptic’s Annotated Bible, [On-line],
URL: http://www.Skepticsannotatedbible.com.
Whitcomb, John C. (1988),
The World That Perished (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker), second edition.
Whitcomb, John C. and Henry M. Morris (1961 reprint),
The Genesis Flood (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker).
Willis, John T. (1979),
Genesis (Austin, TX: Sweet).
Wittmeyer, Alicia P.Q. (2007), “Rare Hybrid Bear Coming to Reno Hunting Show,”
Associated Press, January 19, [On-line],
URL: http://www.tahoedailytribune.com/article/20070119/REGION/101190071.
Woodmorappe, John (1996),
Noah’s Ark: A Feasibility Study (Santee, CA: Institute for Creation Research).
gh
it sounds like an easy question, for a growing number of people it is
becoming more and more difficult to answer: Where are you from? Ask the
eighteen-year-old college freshmen who grew up in a military family
where she is from, and you likely will hear her rattle off five or six
different states (and perhaps even a few countries!). Ask the son of a
Major League baseball player (who has played for eight different teams
in his twenty-year career) where he is from, and you might hear him
respond by saying, “I was reared in a lot of places.” Ask a preacher’s
kid where he was reared, and you likely will hear the same response.
[EDITOR’S
NOTE: The following article was written by A.P. staff writer Matt Vega,
who received his doctorate from Yale University Law School.]