http://apologeticspress.org/APContent.aspx?category=12&article=5300
The Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God
The
famous philosopher from the Middle Ages, Thomas Aquinas, is generally
given credit for articulating what is known as the Cosmological Argument
for the existence of God, although the Bible described the essence of
the argument hundreds of years before he was on the scene (e.g., Hebrews
3:4). The argument essentially says that the cosmos is here and had to
come from somewhere. It could not have created itself. Nothing comes
from nothing in nature, as verified by the First Law of Thermodynamics (
Miller, 2013).
The rational person will only draw conclusions that are supported by
the evidence (Ruby, 1960, pp. 130-131). The evidence from the natural
realm indicates that every material effect must have an adequate
antecedent (or simultaneous—
Miller,
2012a) cause. The mass of a paper clip is not going to provide
sufficient gravitational pull to cause a tidal wave. There must be an
adequate cause for the tidal wave, like a massive, offshore, underwater
earthquake (“Tsunamis,” 2000, pp. 1064, 2000). Leaning against a
mountain will certainly not cause it to topple over. Jumping up and down
on the ground will not cause an earthquake. If a chair is not placed in
an empty room, the room will remain chairless. If matter was not made
and placed in the Universe, we would not exist. There must be an
adequate antecedent or simultaneous cause for every material effect. If
this Law of Cause and Effect seems intuitive to you, then you understand
why the Cosmological Argument is powerful, logical evidence for the
existence of God.
Causality and History
The Law of Cause and Effect, or Law/Principle of Causality, has been
investigated and recognized for millennia. From at least the time of
Plato (1966, 1:96a-b) and Aristotle (2009, 1[3]) in the fourth century
B.C., philosophers have pondered causality. In 1781, the renowned German
philosopher Immanuel Kant wrote concerning the Principle of Causality
in his
Critique of Pure Reason that “everything that happens
presupposes a previous condition, which it follows with absolute
certainty, in conformity with a rule….
All changes take place according to
the law of the connection of Cause and Effect”
(Kant, 1781, emp. added). In the nineteenth century, German medical
scientist and Father of Cellular Pathology, Rudolf Virchow, affirmed
that “[e]verywhere there is mechanistic process only, with the
unbreakable necessity of cause and effect”
(1858, p. 115, emp. added). Fast forwarding another century, our
increased understanding of the world still did not cause the law to be
discredited. In 1934, W.T. Stace, professor of philosophy at Princeton
University, in
A Critical History of Greek Philosophy, wrote:
Every student of logic knows that this is the ultimate canon of the sciences,
the foundation of them all. If we did not believe the truth of
causation, namely, everything which has a beginning has a cause, and
that in the same circumstances the same things invariably happen, all
the sciences would at once crumble to dust. In every scientific investigation this truth is assumed (p. 6, emp. added).
The truth of causality is so substantiated that it is taken for granted in scientific investigation. It is “assumed.”
This principle is not some idea that can simply be brushed aside
without consideration. If the Law of Causality were not in effect,
science could not proceed—it would “crumble to dust” since, by its very
nature, it involves gathering evidence and testing hypotheses in order
to find
regularities in nature. The goal of scientific experimentation is to determine what will happen (i.e., what will be the
effect) if one does certain things (i.e., initiates certain
causes).
If there were no relationship between cause and effect, then nothing
could be taken for granted. One day gravity may be in effect, and the
next day it may not, and there would be no point in studying it, since
it might be different tomorrow. There would be no such thing as a
“scientific law,” since there would be no such thing as a “regularity,”
which is fundamental to the definition of a law of science (
McGraw-Hill Dictionary…, 2003, p. 1182).
Moving farther into the 20
th century, the Law of Cause and Effect still had not been repealed. In 1949, Albert Einstein, in
The World as I See It, under the heading “The Religiousness of Science,” wrote, “But the scientist is possessed by the sense of
universal causation” (2007, p. 35, emp. added). In
The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, renowned American philosopher and professor Richard Taylor wrote, “Nevertheless, it is
hardly disputable that the idea of causation is not only indispensable in the common affairs of life but in
all applied sciences as well” (1967, p. 57, emp. added).
Even today, when scientific exploration has brought us to unprecedented
heights of knowledge, the age old Law of Causality cannot be denied.
Today’s dictionaries define “causality” as:
-
“the principle that nothing can happen without being caused” (“Causality,” 2009).
-
“the principle that everything has a cause” (“Causality,” 2008).
The National Academy of Science’s guidebook,
Teaching about Evolution and the Nature of Science,
says, “One goal of science is to understand nature. ‘Understanding’ in
science means relating one natural phenomenon to another and recognizing
the causes and effects of phenomena…. Progress in science consists of the development of better explanations for the
causes of
natural phenomena” (1998, p. 42. emp. added). Notice that, according to
the National Academy of Science (NAS), there can be no progress in
science without causality. The NAS, though entirely naturalistic in its
approach to science, recognizes causality to be fundamental to the
nature of science. It is not, and cannot rationally be, denied—except
when necessary in order to prop up a deficient worldview. Its
ramifications have been argued for years, but after the dust settles,
the Law of Cause and Effect still stands unscathed, having weathered the
trials thrust upon it for thousands of years.
The Law of Causality—A Problem for Atheism
The Law of Causality is fundamental to science, and yet it stands in
the way of the bulk of today’s scientific community due to their flawed
definition of “science.” In an interview in 1994, the late, famous
evolutionary astronomer Robert Jastrow, founder and former director of
the Goddard Institute for Space Studies at NASA, said:
As Einstein said, scientists live by their faith in causation, and the
chain of cause and effect. Every effect has a cause that can be
discovered by rational arguments. And this has been a very successful
program, if you will, for unraveling the history of the universe. But it just fails at the beginning…. So time, really, going backward, comes to a halt at that point. Beyond that, that curtain can never be lifted…. And that is really a blow at the very fundamental premise that motivates all scientists (as quoted in Heeren, 1995, p. 303, emp. added).
The scientific community today, by and large, incorrectly defines
“science” in such a way that anything supernatural cannot be considered
“scientific,” and therefore science “fails” in certain areas. Only
natural phenomena are deemed worthy of being categorized “science.”
According to the definition, if something cannot be empirically observed
and tested, it is not “scientific.” [NOTE: The naturalistic community
contradicts itself on this matter, since several fundamental planks of
evolutionary theory are unnatural—they have never been observed and all
scientific investigation has proven them to be impossible (e.g.,
spontaneous generation of life and the laws of science, macroevolution,
etc.; cf.
Miller,
2012b).] One result of this flawed definition is highlighted by
Jastrow, himself, in the above quote. Contrary to Jastrow’s statement,
the laws of science, by definition, do not “fail.” They have no known
exceptions. So, it would be unscientific to claim, without conclusive
evidence in support of the claim, that a law has failed.
This leaves atheistic evolutionists in a quandary when trying to
explain how the effect of the infinitely complex Universe could have
come about “unscientifically”—without a natural cause. Four decades ago,
Jastrow wrote:
The Universe, and everything that has happened in it since the
beginning of time, are a grand effect without a known cause. An effect
without a known cause? That is not the world of science; it is a world
of witchcraft, of wild events and the whims of demons, a medieval world
that science has tried to banish. As scientists, what are we to make of
this picture? I do not know (1977, p. 21).
When Jastrow says that there is no “known cause” for everything in the
Universe, he is referring to the fact that there is no known
natural
cause. If atheism were true, if the material realm is all that exists,
if naturalistic science can shed light on the matter of origins, there
must be a natural explanation of what caused the Universe. Scientists
and philosophers recognize that there must be a cause that would be
sufficient to bring about matter and the Universe—and yet no natural
cause is known. The
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms says
that “causality,” in physics, is “the principle that an event cannot
precede its cause” (p. 346). However, the atheist must concede that in
order for his/her claim to be valid, the effect of the Universe did not
precede its cause—rather, it actually came about
without it! Such a viewpoint is hardly in keeping with science.
The Law of Causality—A Friend to Creationists
Instead of flippantly disregarding the truth of the Law of Causality
because it contradicts naturalistic theories, why not recognize that the
highly respected, exception-less Law of Causality is not the problem?
Why not recognize the fact that naturalistic theories, such as the
Theory of Evolution and the Big Bang Theory, are simply not in harmony
with science on a fundamental level? Why not consider an option that
does not contradict the Law? If one were to follow the evidence wherever
it leads, rather than defining God out of science, one is led to the
unavoidable conclusion that there must be Someone
super-natural that caused the Universe to be. If every material (i.e.,
natural) effect must have a cause, then the ultimate Cause of the Universe must be supernatural.
Every material effect must have an adequate antecedent or simultaneous
cause. Notice that creationists have absolutely no problem with the
truth articulated by this God-ordained law from antiquity. In Hebrews
3:4, the Bible says that “every house is built by someone, but He who
built all things is God.” A house must have a cause—namely, a builder.
It will not build itself. Scientifically speaking, according to the Law
of Cause and Effect, there had to be a Cause for the Universe. And that
is the essence of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God.
The only book on the planet which contains characteristics that prove
its production to be above human capability is the Bible (see
Butt,
2007). The God of the Bible is its author (2 Timothy 3:16-17), and in
the very first verse of the inspired material He gave to humans, He
articulated with authority and clarity that He is the Cause Who brought
about the Universe and all that is in it. “In the beginning, God created
the heavens and the Earth” (Genesis 1:1).
Emile Borel was a famous French mathematician for whom the Borel lunar
crater was named (O’Connor and Robertson, 2008). He once said concerning
the amazing human brain that is able to author works of literature,
“Now the complexity of that brain must therefore have been even richer
than the particular work to which it gave birth” (1963, p. 125). The
effect of the brain’s existence, like a work of literature, must have an
adequate cause. In the same way, we know that the infinite Mind behind
the creation of this infinitely complex Universe had to be, and was,
more than adequate for the task of bringing it all into existence
(Revelation 19:6).
Uncaused Cause?
"But if everything had to have a beginning, why does the same concept
not apply to God? Doesn’t God need a cause, too? Who caused God?” First,
notice that this statement is based on a misunderstanding of what the
Law of Cause and Effect claims concerning the Universe. The law states
that every
material effect must have an adequate antecedent or simultaneous cause. A law of science is determined through the observation of nature—not
super-nature.
Since they have not observed the supernatural realm, scientists cannot
apply the scientific Law of Causality to it. The laws of nature do not
apply to non-material entities. The God of the Bible is a spiritual
Being (John 4:24) and therefore is not governed by physical law. In the
words of skeptic Michael Shermer, executive director of the Skeptics
Society and columnist for
Scientific American:
If God is a being in space and time, it means that He is restrained by
the laws of nature and the contingencies of chance, just like all other
beings of this world. An omniscient and omnipotent God must be above such
constraints, not subject to nature and chance. God as creator of heaven
and earth and all things invisible would need necessarily to be outside such created objects (2006, Ch. 8, emp. added).
Recall also what Professor W.T. Stace wrote in
A Critical History of Greek Philosophy concerning causality. “[E]verything
which has a beginning
has a cause” (p. 6, emp. added). God, according to the Bible, had no
beginning. Psalm 90:2 says concerning God, “Before the mountains were
brought forth, or ever You had formed the earth and the world, even
from everlasting to everlasting,
You are God” (emp. added). The Bible describes God as a Being Who has
always been and always will be—“from everlasting to everlasting.” He,
therefore, had no beginning. Recall Hebrews 3:4 again, which indicates
that God is not constrained by the Law of Cause and Effect, as are
houses, but rather, presides as the Chief Builder—the Uncaused
Causer—the Being Who initially set all effects into motion (John 1:3).
Again, philosophers recognize that, logically, there must be an initial
cause of the Universe. [Those who attempt to sidestep the need for a
Cause and argue the eternality of the physical Universe are in direct
contradiction to the Law of Causality (since the Universe is a physical
effect that demands a cause), as well as the Second Law of
Thermodynamics, which indicates that nothing physical lasts forever (see
Miller, 2013).] Aristotle, in
Physics,
discussed the logical line of reasoning that leads to the conclusion
that the initial cause of motion must be something that is not, itself,
in motion—an unmoved mover (1984, 1:428). Aquinas built on Aristotle’s
reasoning and said:
Now whatever is in motion is put in motion by another…. For motion is
nothing else than the reduction of something from potentiality to
actuality…. It is therefore impossible that in the same respect and in
the same way a thing should be both mover and moved, i.e., that it
should move itself. If that by which it is put in motion be itself put
in motion, then this also must needs be put in motion by another, and
that by another again. But this cannot go on to infinity, because then
there would be no first mover, and, consequently no other mover…. Therefore it is necessary to admit a first efficient cause, to which everyone gives the name of God (1952, 19:12,13, emp. added).
God, not being a physical, finite being, but an eternal, spiritual
being (by definition), would not be subject to the condition of
requiring a beginning. Therefore, the law does not apply to Him.
Concerning the Law of Causality, Kant said that “everything
which is contingent
has a cause, which, if itself contingent, must also have a cause; and
so on, till the series of subordinated causes must end with an
absolutely necessary cause,
without which it would not possess completeness” (2008, p. 284, emp.
added). An uncaused Cause is necessary. Only God sufficiently fills that
void.
Consider: in the same way that dimensional space—length, width, and
height—are part of the physical Universe, time, itself, is as well. In
the same way that space had to have a cause, time itself had to as well:
time had a beginning. That means that its Creator logically could not
have a beginning. A “beginning” implies a specific timeframe that has
begun. Without time in existence, there could be no such thing as a
“beginning.” So the Cause of the Universe could not have a beginning
since He created time, itself. In essence, there was no such thing as a
“beginning” until the uncaused Cause began something. [NOTE: If time was
not created, then it exists apart from God and even God is subject to
it. The Bible affirms, however, that time itself was created along with
the Universe when it uses the phrase “in the beginning” in Genesis 1:1.]
Consider further: if there ever were a time in history when absolutely
nothing existed—not even God—then nothing would continue to exist today,
since nothing comes from nothing (in keeping with common sense and the
First Law of Thermodynamics;
Miller, 2013). However, we
know something exists (e.g., the Universe)—which means
something had to exist eternally,
or we would eventually get to a point in past time when nothing
existed, which we have already noted cannot be. That something that
existed forever could not be physical or material, since such things do
not last forever (cf. the Second Law of Thermodynamics;
Miller, 2013). It follows that the eternal something must be non-physical or non-material. It must be
mind rather than
matter.
Logically, there must be a Mind that has existed forever. That Mind,
according to the Bible, is God. He, being spirit, is not subject to the
Second Law of Thermodynamics and can exist forever—the uncreated
Creator. While usable energy in the Universe is inevitably expended,
according to the Second Law, moving the Universe ever closer to a state
of completed deterioration and unusable energy, God’s power is “eternal”
(Romans 1:20).
Of old You laid the foundation of the Earth, and the heavens are the work of Your hands. They will perish, but You will endure; yes, they will all grow old like a garment; like a cloak You will change them, and they will be changed. But You are the same, and Your years will have no end (Psalm 102:25-27, emp. added).
The Universe exists. It cannot be eternal according to the Second Law
of Thermodynamics. It could not create itself according to the First Law
of Thermodynamics. Its existence requires an adequate, supernatural
Cause. The Bible calls Him Jehovah.
REFERENCES
Aquinas, Thomas (1952),
Summa Theologica, trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago).
Aristotle (1984),
Physics in
The Complete Works of Aristotle, ed. Jonathan Barnes (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
Aristotle (2009),
Metaphysics, trans. W.D. Ross, http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/metaphysics.1.i.html.
Borel, Emile (1963),
Probability and Certainty (New York: Walker).
Butt, Kyle (2007),
Behold! The Word of God (Montgomery, AL: Apologetics Press),
http://www.apologeticspress.org/pdfs/e-books_pdf/Behold%20the%20Word%20of%20God.pdf.
“Causality” (2008),
Concise Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press), http://www.wordreference.com/definition/causality.
“Causality” (2009),
Collins English Dictionary—Complete & Unabridged (New York: HarperCollins Publishers), tenth edition, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Causality?x=35&y=25.
Einstein, Albert (2007),
The World As I See It (New York: BN Publishing).
Heeren, Fred (1995),
Show Me God (Wheeling, IL: Searchlight Publications).
Jastrow, Robert (1977),
Until the Sun Dies (New York: W.W. Norton).
Kant, Immanuel (1781),
The Critique of Pure Reason, trans. J.M.D. Meiklejohn (London: Henry G. Bohn), 1878 edition,
http://philosophy.eserver.org/kant/critique-of-pure-reason.txt.
Kant, Immanuel (2008),
Kant’s Critiques: The Critique of Pure Reason, the Critique of Practical Reason, the Critique of Judgment (Radford, VA: Wilder Publications).
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms (2003), pub. M.D. Licker (New York: McGraw-Hill), sixth edition.
Miller, Jeff (2012a), “Simultaneous Causation,” Apologetics Press,
http://www.apologeticspress.org/APContent.aspx?category=9&article=687&topic=57.
Miller, Jeff (2012b), “The Atheistic Naturalist’s Self-Contradiction,” Apologetics Press,
https://www.apologeticspress.org/APContent.aspx?category=9&article=4225&topic=296.
Miller, Jeff (2013), “Evolution and the Laws of Science: The Laws of Thermodynamics,” Apologetics Press,
http://apologeticspress.org/APContent.aspx?category=12&article=2786.
O’Connor, John J. and Edmund F. Robertson (2008), “Felix Edouard Justin Emile Borel,”
The MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Borel.html.
Plato (1966),
Plato in Twelve Volumes, trans. Harold North
Fowler (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press),
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DPhaedo%3Asection%3D96a.
Ruby, Lionel (1960),
Logic: An Introduction (Chicago, IL: J.B. Lippincott).
Shermer, Michael (2006),
Why Darwin Matters (New York: Henry Holt), Kindle file.
Stace, W.T. (1934),
A Critical History of Greek Philosophy (London: Macmillan).
Taylor, Richard (1967), “Causation,” in
The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Paul Edwards (New York: Philosophical Library).
Teaching about Evolution and the Nature of Science (1998), National Academy of Sciences (Washington, DC: National Academy Press).
“Tsunamis” (2000),
The Oxford Companion to the Earth, ed. Paul L. Hancock and Brian J. Skinner (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press).
Virchow, Rudolf (1858), “On the Mechanistic Interpretation of Life,” in
Disease, Life, and Man: Selected Essays, ed. by L.J. Rather (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press), 1958 edition.
The
book of Psalms in the Old Testament contains 150 separate psalms
written by David and various other individuals inspired by the God of
the Bible to write them, initially, for the nation of Israel. Critics of
the Bible, who question its divine inspiration, insist that the
“imprecatory” psalms are proof of the human origin of the Psalms. For
example, Psalm 5:10 states: “Pronounce them guilty, O God! Let them fall
by their own counsels; cast them out in the multitude of their
transgressions, for they have rebelled against You.” Psalm 18:40-42
declares: “You have also given me the necks of my enemies, so that I
destroyed those who hated me…. Then I beat them as fine as the dust
before the wind; I cast them out like dirt in the streets.” Psalm 35:1-8
asserts: