January 28, 2019

Word Study: Judge and Judgment by Trevor Bowen

http://insearchoftruth.org/articles/word_study_judge.html

Word Study: Judge and Judgment

INTRODUCTION

When considering the question of proper Biblical judging, especially in relation to others, we often turn to this familiar passage:
“Judge not, that you be not judged. For with what judgment you judge, you will be judged; and with the measure you use, it will be measured back to you.” (Matthew 7:1-2)
To properly understand this verse and related passages, it may be helpful to properly define the verb found in this passage, “judge” (krino), and the related noun, “judgment” (krima). Otherwise, we may infer an improper meaning, because we have prejudiced the words with meanings not found in the definitions. Multiple Greek words are translated as “judge” and “judgment”; therefore, to provide a thorough examination of the building blocks God chose to communicate His will to us on this important topic (judging others), this article will provide a survey of multiple lexicons and dictionaries as well as a catalog of every New Testament reference for the following related Greek words:
The primary purpose of this article is to simply document definitions and usages of these words in the New Testament. Before each word I provided a personal summary of my analysis of the lexicons and the Biblical usage. This is primarily for my own quick reference, and I would encourage you to double-check my work using the sources provided. Questions or concerns are welcome via our feedback form. Commentary and application is provided in other articles.

KRINO - TO JUDGE

The original Greek verb most frequently translated as “judge” in the New Testament is κρίνω (krino).

krino - Lexicons and Dictionaries

The following Greek lexicons help us understand the meaning of the word, κρίνω (krino), during the writing of the New Testament and ensure that we do not inject meaning not found in the original. Looking over these definitions, we can see that this one Greek word, krino, can refer to various stations of judges offering various types of judgment in various circumstances. In other words, there is nothing inherent in the word to mandate a singular understanding of a specific judge, a specific subject being judged, the nature of the judgment given, the realm of judgment, or even the acceptability of the judging performed. The definition is too generic to permit us to conform all usages to the same applied meaning. Like so many words, we simply must examine the context of each instance to understand these particulars. As in so many other cases, the Bible stands as its own best commentator on the exact application of the word in each circumstance.
  • Friberg, Analytical Greek Lexicon — 16677 κρίνω impf. pass. ἐκρινόμην; fut. κρινῶ; 1aor. ἔκρινα; pf. κέκρικα; pf. pass. κέκραμαι; 1aor. pass. ἐκρίθην; 1fut. pass. κριθήσομαι; from a basic meaning divide outor separate off; (1) as making a personal evaluation think of as better, prefer (RO 14.5); (2) as forming a personal opinion evaluate, think, judge (AC 13.46); (3) as reaching a personal or group decision resolve, determine, decide (AC 16.4); (4) as passing a personal judgment on someone's actions judge, criticize (MT 7.1); often in a negative sense condemn, find fault with (JA 4.11); (5) as a legal technical term; (a) in a human court judge, condemn, hand over for punishment (JN 7.51); passive be on trial, be judged (AC 25.10); middle/passive go to law, sue (1C 6.6); (b) of God’s judging judge, administer justice; with an obviously negative verdict condemn, punish (2TH 2.12); (6) Hebraistically, in a broader sense rule, govern (LU 22.30)
  • Barclay Newman, Greek-English Dictionary — 3636 κρίνω (pf. κέκρικα ; aor. pass. ἐκρίθην , inf. κριθῆναι ; fut. pass. κριθήσομαι) judge, pass judgment on (midd. and pass. often stand trial, go to law); condemn; decide, determine; consider, regard, think; prefer
  • Louw-Nida, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament — 30.75 κρίνω ; ἐπικρίνω: to come to a conclusion in the process of thinking and thus to be in a position to make a decision - 'to come to a conclusion, to decide, to make up one's mind.' κρίνω: οὐ γὰρ ἔκρινά τι εἰδέναι ἐν ὑμῖν εἱ μὴ Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν καὶ τοῦτον ἐσταυρωμένον 'for I made up my mind to know nothing while I was with you except Jesus Christ and him crucified' 1 Cor 2.2; ἠρνήσασθε κατὰ πρόσωπον Πιλάτου, κρίναντος ἐκείνου ἀπολύειν 'you rejected him in Pilate's presence, even after he had decided to set him free' Ac 3.13; τοῦτο κέκρικεν ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ καρδίᾳ 'he has already decided in his own heart (or 'in his own mind') what to do' 1 Cor 7.37. ἐπικρίνω: Πιλᾶτος ἐπέκρινεν γενέσθαι τὸ αἴτημα αὐτῶν 'Pilate decided to grant their demand' Lk 23.24. In some languages the process of 'deciding' is expressed idiomatically, for example, 'to come to the end in one's thinking' or 'to choose in one's mind' or 'the mind sees its goal.'
  • Liddell-Scott, Greek Lexicon (Abridged) — 25236 κρίνω, ΚΡΙ´ΝΩ, κρίνω
    ΚΡΙ´ΝΩ [ι¯], Ep. 3 subj. κρίνησι: f. κρι²ννῶ, Ep. κρι²νέω: aor. i ἔκρι¯να: pf. κέκρι²κα:-Med., f. κρι²νοῦμαι (in pass. sense): aor. i ἐκρινάμην:-Pass., f. κρι²θήσομαι: aor. i ἐκρίθην [ι²], Ep. ἐκρίνθην: pf. κέκρι²μαι, inf. κεκρίσθαι:-Lat. cerno, to separate, part, put asunder, distinguish, Il., Xen.
    1. to pick out, choose, Hom., Hdt., Att.:-Med. to pick out for oneself, choose, Hom., etc.:-Pass. to be chosen, Il.; pf. and aor. i part. κεκριμένος, κρινθείς picked out, chosen, Hom.
    2. to decide disputes, Id., Hdt., etc.; σκολιὰς κρίνειν θέμιστας to judge crooked judgments, i.e. to judge unjustly, Il.; κρίνουσι βόῃ καὶ οὐ ψήφῳ they decide the question by shouting, not by voting, Thuc.; to decide a contest for a prize, Soph., etc.; κρ. τὰς θεάς to decide their contest, i.e. judge them, Eur.:-Pass. and Med., of persons, to have a contest decided, come to issue, Hom., etc.
      1. to adjudge, κράτος τινί Soph.
      2. to judge of, estimate, πρὸς ἐμαυτὸν κρίνων [αὐτόν] judging of him by myself, Dem.:-Pass., ἴσον παρ᾽ ἐμοὶ κέκριται Hdt.
      3. to expound, interpret dreams, Id., Aesch., etc.: so in Med., Il.
      4. c. acc. et inf. to decide or judge that, Hdt., Att.
      5. c. inf. only, to determine to do a thing, N.T.
    3. to question, Soph.
      1. to bring to trial, accuse, Xen., etc.:-Pass. to be brought to trial, Thuc., etc.
      2. to pass sentence upon, to condemn, Soph., Dem.
  • Thayer, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament — 3092 κρίνω
    κρίνω; future κρίνω; 1 aorist ἔκρινα; perfect κέκρικα; 3 person singular pluperfect, without augment (Winer's Grammar, sec. 12, 9; (Buttmann, 33 (29))), κεκρίκει (Acts 20:16 G L T Tr WH); passive, present κρίνομαι; imperfect ἐκρινομην; perfect κεκριμαι; 1 aorist ἐκριθην (cf. Buttmann, 52 (45)); 1 future κριθήσομαι; the Septuagint for שָׁפַט, and also for דּוּן and רִיב; Latin cerno, i. e.
    1. to separate, put asunder; to pick out, select, choose (Homer, Herodotus, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Xenophon, Plato, others; μετά νεανίσκων ἀρίστων κεκριμένων (chosen, picked), 2 Macc. 13:15; κεκρίμενοι ἄρχοντες, Josephus, Antiquities 11, 3, 10); hence,
    2. to approve, esteem: ἡμέραν παρ᾽ ἡμέραν, one day above another, i. e. to prefer (see παρά, III. 2 b.), Rom. 14:5 (so τί πρό τίνος, Plato, Phil., p. 57 e.; τόν Ἀπολλῶ πρό Μαρσυου, rep. 3, p. 399{e}.); πᾶσαν ἡμέραν, to esteem every day, i. e. hold it sacred, ibid.
    3. to be of opinion, deem, think: ὀρθῶς ἔκρινας, thou hast decided (judged) correctly, Luke 7:43; followed by an infinitive Acts 15:19; followed by a direct question, 1 Cor. 11:13; τοῦτο, ὅτι etc. to be of opinion etc. 2 Cor. 5:14; followed by the accusative with an infinitive Acts 16:15; τινα or τί followed by a predicate accusative, κρίνειν τινα ἄξιον τίνος, to judge one (to be) worthy of a thing, Acts 13:46; ἄπιστον κρίνεται, Acts 26:8.
    4. to determine, resolve, decree: τί, 1 Cor. 7:37 (κρῖναι τί καί πρόθεσθαι, Polybius 3, 6, 7; τό κρίθεν, which one has determined on, one's resolve, 5, 52, 6; 9, 13, 7; τοῖς κριθεισι ἐμμένειν δεῖ, Epictetus diss. 2, 15, 7ff); δόγματα, passive (the decrees that had been ordained (cf. A. V.)), Acts 16:4; τοῦτο κρίνατε, followed by an infinitive preceded by the article τό, Rom. 14:13; also with ἐμαυτῷ added, for myself i. e. for my own benefit (lest I should prepare grief for myself by being compelled to grieve you), 2 Cor. 2:1; followed by an infinitive, Acts 20:16; 25:25; 1 Cor. 2:2 G L T Tr WH ((see below)); 5:3; Titus 3:12 (1 Macc. 11:33; 3 Macc. 1:6; 6:30; Judith 11:13; Sap. 8:9; Diodorus 17, 95; Josephus, Antiquities 7, 1, 5; 12, 10, 4; 13, 6, 1); with τοῦ prefixed, 1 Cor. 2:2 Rec. ((see above)); followed by the accusative with an infinitive Acts 21:25 (2 Macc. 11:36); with τοῦ prefixed, Acts 27:1 (cf. Buttmann, sec. 140, 16 δ.); (κρίνεται τίνι, it is one's pleasure, it seems good to one, 1 Esdr. 6:20f (21f); 8:90 (92)).
    5. to judge; a. to pronounce an opinion concerning right and wrong; α. in a forensic sense ((differing from δικάζειν, the official term, in giving prominence to the intellectual process, the sifting and weighing of evidence)), of a human judge: τινα, to give a decision respecting one, John 7:51; κατά τόν νόμον, John 18:31; Acts 23:3; 24:6 Rec.; the substance of the decision is added in an infinitive, Acts 3:13; passive to be judged, i. e. summoned to trial that one's case may be examined and judgment passed upon it, Acts 25:10; 26:6; Rom. 3:4 (from Ps. 50:6 (Ps. 51:4)); περί with the genitive of the thing, Acts 23:6; 24:21; (Acts 25:20); with addition of ἐπί and the genitive of the judge, before one, Acts 25:9. Where the context requires, used of a condemnatory judgment, equivalent to to condemn: simply, Acts 13:27. β. of the judgment of God or of Jesus the Messiah, deciding between the righteousness and the unrighteousness of men: absolutely, John 5:30; 8:50; δικαίως, 1 Pet. 2:23; ἐν δικαιοσύνη,Rev. 19:11; τινα, 1 Cor. 5:13 ; passive James 2:12; ζῶντας καί νεκρούς, 2 Tim. 4:1; 1 Pet. 4:5; νεκρούς, passive, Rev. 11:18 (Buttmann, 260 (224)); τήν οἰκουμένην, the inhabitants of the world, Acts 17:31 (cf. Winer's Grammar, 389 (364)); τόν κόσμον, Rom. 3:6; τά κρυπτά τῶν ἀνθρώπων, Rom. 2:16; κρίνειν τό κρίμα τίνος ἐκ τίνος (see κρίμα, 2 under the end), Rev. 18:20, cf. 6:10; κρίνειν κατά τό ἑκάστου ἔργον, 1 Pet. 1:17; τούς νεκρούς ἐκ τῶν γεγραμμένων ἐν τοῖς βιβλίοις κατά τά ἔργα αὐτῶν, passive, Rev. 20:12f; with the accusative of the substance of the judgment, thou didst pronounce this judgment, ταῦτα ἔκρινας, Rev. 16:5; contextually, used specifically of the act of condemning and decreeing (or inflicting) penalty on one: τινα, John 3:18; 5:22; 12:47f; Acts 7:7; Rom. 2:12; 1 Cor. 11:31f; 2 Thess. 2:12; Heb. 10:30; 13:4; 1 Pet. 4:6 (cf. Winer's Grammar, 630 (585)); James 5:9 (where Rec. κατάκριμα); Rev. 18:8; 19:2 (Sap. 12:10, 22); τόν κόσμον, opposed to σῴζειν, John 3:17; 12:47; of the devil it is said ὁ ἄρχων τοῦ κόσμου τούτου κέκριται, because the victorious cause of Christ has rendered the supreme wickedness of Satan evident to all, and put an end to his power to dominate and destroy, John 16:11. γ. of Christians as hereafter to sit with Christ at the judgment: τόν κόσμον, 1 Cor. 6:2; ἀγγέλους, 1 Cor. 6:3 (cf. ἄγγελος, 2 under the end; yet see Meyer edition Heinrici ad the passages cited). b. to pronounce judgment; to subject to censure; of those who act the part of judges or arbiters in the matters of common life, or pass judgment on the deeds and words of others: universally, and without case, John 8:16, 26; κατά τί, John 8:15; κατ᾽ ὄψιν, John 7:24; ἐν κρίματι τίνι κρίνειν, Matt. 7:2; τινα, passive (with the nominative of person), Rom. 3:7; ἐκ τοῦ στόματος σου κρίνω σε, out of thine own mouth (i. e. from what thou hast just said) will I take the judgment that must be passed on thee, Luke 19:22; τί, 1 Cor. 10:15; passive, 1 Cor. 10:29; τό δίκαιον, Luke 12:57; followed by εἰ, whether, Acts 4:19; with the accusative of the substance of the judgment: τί i. e. κρίσιν τινα, 1 Cor. 4:5; κρίσιν κρίνειν (Plato, rep. 2, p. 360 d.) δικαίαν (cf. Buttmann, sec. 131, 5), John 7:24 (ἀληθινήν καί δικαίαν, Tobit 3:2; κρίσεις ἀδίκους, Susanna 53); of the disciplinary judgment to which Christians subject the conduct of their fellows, passing censure upon them as the facts require, 1 Cor. 5:12; of those who judge severely (unfairly), finding fault with this or that in others, Matt. 7:1; Luke 6:37; Rom. 2:1; τινα, Rom. 2:1,3; 14:3f,10,13; followed by ἐν with the dative of the thing, Col. 2:16; Rom. 14:22; hence equivalent to to condemn: Rom. 2:27; James 4:11f.
    6. Hebraistically equivalent to to rule, govern; to preside over with the power of giving judicial decisions, because it was the prerogative of kings and rulers to pass judgment: Matt. 19:28; Luke 22:30 (τόν λαόν, 2 Kings 15:5; 1 Macc. 9:73; Josephus, Antiquities 5, 3, 3; οἱ κρίνοντες τήν γῆν, Ps. 2:10; Sap. i. 1; cf. Gesenius, Thesaurus, iii., p. 1463f).
    7. Passive and middle to contend together, of warriors and combatants (Homer, Diodorus, others); to dispute (Herodotus 3, 120; Aristophanes nub. 66); in a forensic sense, to go to law, have a suit at law: with the dative of the person with whom (Winer's Grammar, sec. 31, 1 g.), Matt. 5:40 (Job 9:3; 13:19; Euripides, Med. 609); followed by μετά with the genitive of the person with whom one goes to law, and ἐπί; with the genitive of the judge, 1 Cor. 6: (1), 6. (Compare: ἀνακρίνω, ἀποκρίνω, ἀνταποκρίνω (ἀνταποκρίνομαι), διακρίνω, ἐνκρίνω, ἐπικρίνω, κατακρίνω, συνκρίνω, ὑποκρίνω (ὑποκρίνομαι), συνυποκρίνω (συνυποκρίνομαι).)*
  • Gingrich, Greek New Testament Lexicon — 3850 κρίνω
    κρίνω—1. separate, distinguish, then select, prefer Ro 14:5a; in 14:5b κ. prob. means hold in esteem.—2. judge, think, consider, look upon Lk 7:43; Ac 4:19; 13:46; 16:15; 26:8 ; 1 Cor 11:13; 2 Cor 5:14.— 3. reach a decision, decide, propose, intend Ac 3:13; 16:4; 20:16; 21:25; 27:1; 1 Cor 2:2; 5:3; 7:37; Ro 14:13.—4. as legal term, of human or divine courts judge, decide, hale before a court, condemn, sentence, hand over for punishment Mt 5:40; 7:1b, 2b; Lk 19:22; J 5:30; 7:51; 18:31; Ac 13:27; 17:31; 23:3; 25:9; 26:6; Ro 2:16, 27; 1 Cor 5:12f; 6:2f, 6; 2 Ti 4:1; Js 2:12; 1 Pt 1:17; Rv 6:10; 20:12f. Condemn, punish J 3:17f; 12:47f; 16:11; Ro 2:12; 1 Cor 11:31f; Hb 10:30; Rv 18:8.—5. judge, pass judgment on, express an opinion about Mt 7:1a, 2a; Lk 6:37a; J 7:24; 8:15. In an unfavorable sense find fault with, condemn Ro 2:1, 3; 14:3f, 10, 13a, 22; 1 Cor 4:5; 10:29; Col 2:16; Js 4:11f. [pg 113]

krino - Bible Occurrences

The word, κρίνω (krino), occurs 114 times in the following 98 verses, most of which are cited in the article, Degrees of Judging:
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ANAKRINO - TO EXAMINE CAREFULLY

The Greek verb, ἀνακρίνω (anakrino), is etymologically related to κρίνω (krino), except it is necessarily more intensive or thorough, and it is typically translated as to carefully examine, search, judge, or discern.

anakrino - Lexicons and Dictionaries

The following lexicon and dictionary entries for ἀνακρίνω (anakrino) help us ensure that we are not prejudicially loading the translated English words with a modern or personal connotation:
  • Friberg, Analytical Greek Lexicon — 1649 ἀνακρίνω 1aor. ἀνέκρινα; 1aor. pass. ἀνεκρίθην; (1) generally, of the process of evaluation examine, question, study carefully (AC 17.11); (2) as sifting evidence in judicial hearings hold a preliminary hearing, cross-examine, investigate, interrogate (AC 28.18); (3) as passing judgment on personal behavior call to account, criticize, judge (1C 14.24)
  • Barclay Newman, Greek-English Dictionary — 367 ἀνακρίνω (aor. pass. ἀνεκρίθην) question, examine (study of Scripture Ac 17.11); judge, evaluate; sit in judgment on, call to account
  • Louw-Nida, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament — 27.44 ἀνακρίνω: to try to learn the nature or truth of something by the process of careful study, evaluation and judgment - 'to examine carefully, to investigate, to study thoroughly.' καθ᾽ ἡμέραν ἀνακρίνοντες τὰς γραφὰς εἰ ἔχοι ταῦτα οὕτως 'every day they carefully examined the Scriptures to see if what he said was really true' Ac 17.11.
  • Liddell-Scott, Greek Lexicon (Abridged) — 2971 ἀνακρίνω
    ἀνα-κρίνω [ι¯], f. -κρι²νῶ, to examine closely, to question, interrogate, τινά Thuc., Plat.
    1. to inquire into a fact, Antipho:-Med., Pind.
    1. used at Athens in technical sense:
      1. to examine magistrates, as to their qualification, Dem.
      2. of the magistrates, to examine persons concerned in a suit, so as to prepare the matter for trial, Id.
    2. Med., ἀνακρίνεσθαι πρὸς ἑαυτούς to dispute one with another, Hdt. Hence ἀνάκρισις
  • Thayer, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament — 367 ἀνακρίνω
    ἀνακρίνω; 1 aorist ἀνέκρινα; passive (present ἀνακρίνομαι); 1 aorist ἀνεκρίθην; (frequent in Greek writings, especially Attic); properly, "by looking through a series (ἀνά) of objects or particulars to distinguish (κρίνω) or search after. Hence, a. to investigate, examine, inquire into, scrutinize, sift, question": Acts 17:11 (τάς γραφάς); 1 Cor. 10:25, 27 (not anxiously questioning, namely, whether the meat set before you be the residue from heathen sacrifices). Specifically, in a forensic sense (often also in Greek writings) of a judge, to hold an investigation; to interrogate, examine, the accused or the witnesses; absolutely: Luke 23:14; Acts 24:8. τινα, Acts 12:19; 28:18; passive, Acts 4:9. Paul has in mind this judicial use (as his preceding term ἀπολογία shows) when in 1 Cor. 9:3 he speaks of τοῖς ἐμέ ἀνακρίνουσί, investigating me, whether I am a true apostle. b. universally, to judge of, estimate, determine (the excellence or defects of any person or thing): τί, 1 Cor. 2:15; τινα, 1 Cor. 4:3f; passive, 1 Cor. 2:(14),15; 14:24. (Cf. Lightfoot Fresh Revision, etc. iv. sec. 3 (p. 67f, American edition).)*
  • Gingrich, Greek New Testament Lexicon — 391 ἀνακρίνω ἀνακρίνω—1. question, examine Ac 11:12 v.l.; Ac 17:11; 1 Cor 10:25, 27.—2. judge, call to account 1 Cor 2:14f; 14:24.—3. legal term examine, investigate Ac 12:19; 28:18; conduct an examination Lk 23:14. [pg 12]
Based on the definitions, we learn that ἀνακρίνω (anakrino) is indeed closely related to κρίνω (krino) and the idea of judging, excepted the judging is necessarily intensified for ἀνακρίνω (anakrino), but for κρίνω(krino) the effort applied in judging may or may not be so intense.

anakrino - Bible Occurrences

This word, ἀνακρίνω (anakrino), 16 times in the following 14 verses of the New Testament:
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DIAKRINO - TO JUDGE BETWEEN

The Greek verb, διακρίνω (diakrino), is etymologically related to κρίνω (krino). Examining the lexicons and Biblical usage, the verb often seems to emphasize the separation or distinguishing between the things being judged. Often it refers to contending, arguing with others. It also frequently refers to being at variance within oneself, to doubt or waver.

diakrino - Lexicons and Dictionaries

The following lexicon and dictionary entries for διακρίνω (diakrino) help us ensure that we are not prejudicially loading the translated English words with a modern or personal connotation:
  • Friberg, Analytical Greek Lexicon — 6297 διακρίνω impf. mid. διεκρινόμην; 1aor. pass. διεκρίθην; (1) as evaluating the difference between things discern, distinguish, differentiate (MT 16.3); (2) as making a distinction between persons by evaluation make a difference, decide between, pass judgment on (AC 15.9); (3) as a legal technical term for arbitration judge a dispute, settle a difference (1C 6.5); (4) in the aorist tense, the middle sense is conveyed with the passive form; (a) as debating an issue dispute, contend, argue (AC 11.2); (b) as being undecided within oneself doubt, hesitate, waver (JA 1.6)
  • Barclay Newman, Greek-English Dictionary — 1478 διακρίνω (aor. pass. διεκρίθην) evaluate, judge; recognize, discern; make a distinction (between persons); consider or make superior (1 Cor 4.7); midd. (and aor. pass.) doubt, hesitate; dispute, debate, take issue
  • Louw-Nida, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament — 30.109 ἀνακρίνω ; διακρίνω: to make a judgment on the basis of careful and detailed information - 'to judge carefully, to evaluate carefully.' ἀνακρίνω: ὁ δὲ πνευματικὸς ἀνακρίνει τὰ πάντα 'the spiritual person makes careful judgments about all things' 1 Cor 2.15. διακρίνω: προφῆται δὲ δύο ἢ τρεῖς λαλείτωσαν, καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι διακρινέτωσαν 'two or three who are given God’s message should speak, while the others evaluate carefully (what is said)' 1 Cor 14.29; τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν 'you know how to judge the appearance of the sky' Mt 16.3.
  • Liddell-Scott, Greek Lexicon (Abridged) — 10222 διακρίνω
    δια-κρίνω [ι¯], f. -κρι²νῶ, to separate one from another, Il.: to part combatants, and in Pass. to be parted, Hom.; so in f. med. διακρι²νέεσθαι, Od.; also, διακριθῆναι ἀπ᾽ ἀλλήλων Thuc.; διακρίνεσθαι πρός. . to part and join different parties, Id.
    1. Pass. to be dissolved into elemental parts, Plat.
    1. to distinguish, Lat. discernere, τὸ σῆμα Od.; οὐδένα διακρίνων making no distinction of persons, Hdt.:-Pass., διεκέκριτο οὐδέν no distinction was made, Thuc.
    2. to settle, decide, of judges, Hdt., Theocr.:-Med., νεῖκος δ. to get it decided, Hes.:-Pass. to come to a decision, Il.; περί τινος Plat.:-to contend with one, τινι N.T.; μάχῃ διακρινθῆναι πρός τινα Hdt.
    3. Pass. to doubt, hesitate, H. T.
  • Thayer, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament — 1318 διακρίνω
    διακρίνω; imperfect διεκρινον; 1 aorist διεκρινα; middle (present διακρίνομαι); imperfect διεκρινομην; 1 aorist διεκρίθην (in secular authors in a passive sense, to be separated; cf. Winer's Grammar, sec. 39, 2; (Buttmann, 52 (45))); in Greek writings from Homer down; in the Septuagint chiefly for שָׁפַט, also for הֵדִין etc.
    1. "to separate, make a distinction, discriminate (cf. διά, C. 4): οὐδέν διέκρινε μεταξύ ἡμῶν τέ καί αὐτῶν, Acts 15:9; μηδέν διακρίναντα, making no difference, namely, between Jews and Gentiles, Acts 11:12 L T Tr WH; like the Latin distinguo, used emphatically: to distinguish or separate a person or thing from the rest, in effect equivalent to to prefer, yield to him the preference or honor: τινα, 1 Cor. 4:7 (cf. Winer's Grammar, 452 (421)); τό σῶμα (τοῦ κυρίου), 1 Cor. 11:29.
    2. to learn by discrimination, to try, decide: Matt. 16:3 (T brackets WH reject the passage); 1 Cor. 14:29; ἑαυτόν, 1 Cor. 11:31; to determine, give judgment, decide a dispute: 1 Cor. 6:5.
    Passive and middle to be parted, to separate oneself from;
    1. to withdraw from one, desert him (Thucydides 1, 105; 3, 9); of heretics withdrawing from the society of true Christians (Sozom. 7, 2 (p. 705, Vales. edition) ἐκ τούτου οἱ μέν διακριθεντες ἰδίᾳ ἐκκλησιαζον): Jude 1:22 according to the (preferable) reading of L T Tr text ἐλέγχετε διακρινομένους, those who separate themselves from you, i. e. who apostatize; instead of the Rec. ἐληιτε διακρινομένοι, which is to be rendered, making for yourselves a selection; cf. Huther at the passage; (others though adopting the reading preferred above, refer διακρίνω to the following head and translate it while they dispute with you; but WH (see their Appendix) Tr marginal reading follow manuscripts א B and a few other authorities in reading ἐλεᾶτε διακρινομένους, according to which διακρίνω is probably to be referred to signification 3: R. V. text on some have mercy, who are in doubt).
    2. to separate oneself in a hostile spirit, to oppose, strive with, dispute, contend: with the dative of person Jude 1:9 (Polybius 2, 22,11 (cf. Winer's Grammar, sec. 31, 1 g.; Buttmann, 177 (154)); πρός τινα, Acts 11:2 (Herodotus 9, 58).
    3. in a sense not found in secular authors, to be at variance with oneself, hesitate, doubt: Matt. 21:21; Rom. 14:23; James 1:6; ἐν τῇ καρδία αὐτοῦ, Mark 11:23; ἐν ἑαυτῷ (i. e., ἑαυτοῖς), James 2:4(others refer this to 1: do ye not make distinctions among yourselves); μηδέν διακρινόμενος, nothing doubting, i. e. wholly free from doubt, James 1:6; without any hesitation as to whether it be lawful or not, Acts 10:20 and according to R G in Acts 11:12; οὐ διεκρίθη τῇ ἀπιστία, he did not hesitate through lack of faith, Rom. 4:20.*
  • Gingrich, Greek New Testament Lexicon — 1552 διακρίνω
    διακρίνω—1. act.—a. make a distinction, differentiate Ac 11:12; 15:9; single out, concede superiority 1 Cor 4:7.—b. pass judgment 1 Cor 14:29; judge correctly Mt 16:3; recognize 1 Cor 11:29; render a decision 1 Cor 6:5.—2.mid. and aor, pass.—a. take issue, dispute Ac 11:2; Jd 9.—b. doubt, waver Mt 21:21; Ro 4:20; Js 1:6; Jd 22; hesitate Ac 10:20. [pg 46]

diakrino - Bible Occurrences

This word, διακρίνω (diakrino), occurs 19 times in the following 18 verses of the New Testament:
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KATAKRINO - TO CONDEMN

The Greek verb, κατακρίνω (katakrino), is etymologically related to κρίνω (krino); however, it is almost entirely negative in meaning. This verb carries with it the idea of judgment unto condemnation, sentencing, punishment, or loss of power.

katakrino - Lexicons and Dictionaries

The following lexicon and dictionary entries for κατακρίνω (katakrino) help us ensure that we are not prejudicially loading the translated English words with a modern or personal connotation:
  • Friberg, Analytical Greek Lexicon — 15133 κατακρίνω fut. κατακρινῶ; 1aor. κατέκρινα; pf. pass. κατακέκριμαι; 1aor. pass. κατεκρίθην; 1fut. pass. κατακριθήσομαι; as a legal technical term for pronouncing a sentence condemn, pronounce judgment on
  • Barclay Newman, Greek-English Dictionary — 3280 κατακρίνω (aor. pass. κατεκρίθην) condemn, pass judgment on
  • Louw-Nida, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament — 56.31 κατακρίνω ; κατάκρισις, εως f ; κατάκριμα, τος n ; καταδικάζω ; καταδίκη, ης f: to judge someone as definitely guilty and thus subject to punishment - 'to condemn, to render a verdict of guilt, condemnation.' κατακρίνω: οἱ δὲ πάντες κατέκριναν αὐτὸν ἔνοχον εἶναι θανάτου 'they all decided he was guilty and worthy of death' Mk 14.64; ἵνα μὴ σὺν τῷ κόσμῳ κατακριθῶμεν 'so that we shall not be condemned together with the world' 1 Cor 11.32. κατάκρισις: εἰ γὰρ τῇ διακονίᾳ τῆς κατακρίσεως δόξα 'if the service by which people are condemned was glorious' 2 Cor 3.9. κατάκριμα: τὸ ... κρίμα ἐξ ἑνὸς εἰς κατάκριμα 'the ... verdict followed one (offense) and brought condemnation' Ro 5.16. καταδικάζω: οὐκ ἂν κατεδικάσατε τοὺς ἀναιτίους 'you would not condemn people who are not guilty' Mt 12.7. καταδίκη: αἰτούμενοι κατ᾽ αὐτοῦ καταδίκην 'they asked that he be condemned' Ac 25.15.
  • Liddell-Scott, Greek Lexicon (Abridged) — 22896 κατακρίνω
    κατα-κρίνω [ι¯], f. -κρι²νῶ:-to give as sentence against, τινός:-Pass., τοῖσι κατακέκρι²ται θάνατος sentence of death has been passed upon them, Hdt.; κατακεκριμένων οἱ τούτων when this sentence has been given against him, Id.; impers., ἢν κατακρι²θῇ μοι if sentence be given against me, Xen.
    1. c. acc. pers. to condemn, κατέκρινάν μιν ἔκδοτον ἄγεσθαι Hdt.; κ. τινὰ θανάτῳ N.T.:-Pass. to be condemned, Eur., Xen.
  • Thayer, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament — 2783 κατακρίνω
    κατακρίνω; future καακρίνω; 1 aorist κατεκρινα; passive, perfect κατακεκριμαι; 1 aorist κατεκρίθην; 1 future κατακριθήσομαι; "to give judgment against (one (see κατά, III. 7)), to judge worthy of punishment, to condemn"; a. properly: Rom. 8:34; τινα, John 8:10f; Rom. 2:1, where it is disting. from κρίνειν, as in 1 Cor. 11:32; passive, Matt. 27:3; Rom. 14:23; τινα θανάτῳ, to adjudge one to death, condemn to death, Matt. 20:18 (Tdf. εἰς θάνατον); Mark 10:33, (κεκρίμμενοι θανάτῳ, to eternal death, the Epistle of Barnabas 10, 5); καταστροφή, 2 Pet. 2:6 (WH omits; Tr marginal reading brackets καταστροφή) (the Greeks say κατακρίνειν τινα θανάτου or θάνατον; cf. Winer's Grammar, 210 (197f); Buttmann, sec. 132, 16; Grimm on Sap. 2:20); with the accusative and infinitive, τινα ἔνοχον εἶναι θανάτου, Mark 14:64; simply, of God condemning one to eternal misery: passive, Mark 16:16; 1 Cor. 11:32; James 5:9 Rec. b. improperly, i. e. by one's good example to render another's wickedness the more evident and censurable: Matt. 12:41f; Luke 11:31f; Heb. 11:7. In a peculiar use of the word, occasioned by the employment of the term κατάκριμα (in verse 1), Paul says, Rom. 8:3, ὁ Θεός κατέκρινε τήν ἁμαρτίαν ἐν τῇ σαρκί, i. e. through his Son, who partook of human nature but was without sin, God deprived sin (which is the ground of the κατάκριμα) of its power in human nature (looked at in the general), broke its deadly sway (just as the condemnation and punishment of wicked men puts an end to their power to injure or do harm). ((From Pindar and Herodotus down.))*
  • Gingrich, Greek New Testament Lexicon — 3449 κατακρίνω
    κατακρίνω condemn, pronounce sentence Mt 27:3; Mk 10:33; Lk 11:31f; Ro 2:1; 8:3, 34; Hb 11:7; 2 Pt 2:6. [pg 102]

katakrino - Bible Occurrences

This word, κατακρίνω (katakrino), occurs 18 times in the following 18 verses of the New Testament:
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KRISIS - JUDGMENT

The Greek noun, κρίσις (krisis), is closely related to the verb, κρίνω (krino), and it is generally translated as judgment. Young's Analytical Concordance offers the brief definition, “the process of judgment”. When used in reference to a judgment pronounced, this word is used most frequently of negative final condemnation from God, which is reserved for the wicked. Notice, in John 5:24 the faithful “shall not come into judgment”, but yet the righteous are certainly judged on that last day (Romans 14:10-12). Again notice John 5:29, in which workers of good arise to the “resurrection of life”, while the workers of evil arise to the “resurrection of condemnation”. The most remarkable exception to this general connotation of divine, negative condemnation is found in John 7:24, where some form of this judgment is committed to saints in this age.

krisis - Lexicons and Dictionaries

The following lexicon and dictionary entries for κρίσις (krisis) help us ensure that we are not prejudicially loading the translated English words with a modern or personal connotation:
  • Friberg, Analytical Greek Lexicon — 16689 κρίσις, εως, ἡ (1) as the action of a judge decision, judgment (JN 5.30); especially as the activity of God in a final time for judging ἡμέρα κρίσεως day of judgment(MT 10.15); in an unfavorable sense condemnation, punishment (RV 18.10); (2) as a personal evaluation of someone else's actions judgment (JN 7.24); (3) as the standard by which judgments and evaluations are to be made right, justice (MT 12.18); (4) as the basis on which a judgment is made reason for a judgment (JN 3.19)
  • Barclay Newman, Greek-English Dictionary — 3637 κρίσις , εως f judgment, judging; condemnation, punishment; justice; perhaps court (Mt 5.21f)
  • Louw-Nida, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament — 56.20 κρίνω ; κρίσις, εως f ; κρίμα, τος n: to decide a question of legal right or wrong, and thus determine the innocence or guilt of the accused and assign appropriate punishment or retribution - 'to decide a legal question, to act as a judge, making a legal decision, to arrive at a verdict, to try a case' (in the passive 'to stand trial'). κρίνω: σὺ κάθῃ κρίνων με κατὰ τὸν νόμον 'you sit (there) to judge me according to the Law' Ac 23.3; εἶπεν οὖν αὐτοῖς ὁ Πιλᾶτος, Λάβετε αὐτὸν ὑμεῖς, καὶ κατὰ τὸν νόμον ὑμῶν κρίνατε αὐτόν 'Pilate said to them, Take him yourselves and try him according to your law' Jn 18.31; ἕως πότε, ὁ δεσπότης ὁ ἅγιος καὶ ἀληθινός, οὐ κρίνεις καὶ ἐκδικεῖς τὸ αἷμα ἡμῶν ἐκ τῶν κατοικούντων ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς 'almighty Lord, holy and true! How long will it be until you judge the people on earth and punish them for killing us?' or '... avenge our blood?' Re 6.10. κρίσις: ἀνεκτότερον ἔσται γῇ Σοδόμων καὶ Γομόρρων ἐν ἡμέρᾳ κρίσεως ἢ τῇ πόλει ἐκείνῃ 'on the day when he judges, he will show more mercy to the people of Sodom and Gomorrah than to the people of that town' Mt 10.15. κρίμα: διαλεγομένου δὲ αὐτοῦ περὶ δικαιοσύνης καὶ ἐγκρατείας καὶ τοῦ κρίματος τοῦ μέλλοντος 'but as he went on discussing about goodness, self-control, and the coming day when (God) will judge everyone' Ac 24.25.
    The process of legal judging is often expressed idiomatically. In Africa, one of the standard phrases for judging is 'to cut a palaver,' but other expressions in other languages may be 'to find guilt,' 'to point the finger at wrong,' or 'to untangle strife.'
  • Liddell-Scott, Greek Lexicon (Abridged) — 25242 κρίσις
    κρίσις [ι²], εως, ἡ, (κρίνω) a separating, power of distinguishing, Arist.: choice, selection, Id.
    1. a decision, judgment, Hdt., Aesch.; κρ. οὐκ ἀληθής no certain means of judging, Soph.
      1. in legal sense, a trial, Ar., Thuc., etc.:-the result of a trial, condemnation, Xen.
      2. a trial of skill, τόξου in archery, Soph.
      3. a dispute, περί τινος Hdt.
    2. the event or issue of a thing, κρίσιν ἔχειν to be decided, of a war, Thuc.
  • Thayer, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament — 3093 κρίσις
    κρίσις, κρίσεως, ἡ, the Septuagint for דִּין, ) רִיבa suit(, but chiefly for מִשְׁפָּט; in Greek writings ((from Aeschylus and Herodotus down))
    1. a separating, sundering, separation; a trial, contest.
    2. selection.
    3. judgment; i. e. opinion or decision given concerning anything, especially concerning justice and injustice, right and wrong; a. universally: John 8:16; 1 Tim. 5:24 (on which see ἐπακολουθέω); Jude 1:9; 2 Pet. 2:11; κρίσιν κρίνειν (see κρίνω, 5 b.), John 7:24. b. in a forensic judgment sense, of the of God or of Jesus the Messiah: universally, James 2:13; 2 Thess. 1:5; Heb. 10:27; plur, Rev. 16:7; 19:2; of the last judgment: Heb. 9:27; ἡ ἡμέρα κρίσεως (Matt. 10:15; 11:22,24; 12:36; Mark 6:11 R L in brackets; 2 Pet. 2:9; 3:7) or τῆς κρίσεως (1 John 4:17), the day appointed for the judgment, see ἡμέρα, 3; εἰς κρίσιν μεγάλης ἡμέρας, Jude 1:6; ἡ ὥρα τῆς κρίσεως αὐτοῦ, i. e. τοῦ Θεοῦ, Rev. 14:7; ἐν τῇ κρίσει, at the time of the judgment, when the judgment shall take place, Matt. 12:41f; Luke 10:14; 11:31f; κρίσιν ποιεῖν κατά πάντων, to execute judgment against (i. e. to the destruction of) all, Jude 1:15. Specifically, sentence of condemnation, damnatory judgment, condemnation and punishment: Heb. 10:27; 2 Pet. 2:4; with the genitive of the person condemned and punished, Rev. 18:10; ἡ κρίσις αὐτοῦ ἤρθη, the punishment appointed him was taken away, i. e. was ended, Acts 8:33 from Isa. 53:8, the Septuagint; πίπτειν εἰς κρίσιν (R^st εἰς ὑπόκρισιν), to become liable to condemnation, James 5:12; αἰώνιος κρίσις, eternal damnation, Mark 3:29 (Rec.); ἡ κρίσις τῆς γηννης, the judgment condemning one to Gehenna, the penalty of Gehenna, i. e. to be suffered in hell, Matt. 23:33. In John's usage κρίσις denotes α. that judgment which Christ occasioned, in that wicked men rejected the salvation he offered, and so of their own accord brought upon themselves misery and punishment: αὕτη ἐστιν ἡ κρίσις, ὅτι etc. judgment takes place by the entrance of the light into the world and the batted which men have for this light, John 3:19; κρίσιν, to execute judgment, John 5:27; ἔρχεσθαι εἰς κρίσιν, to come into the state of one condemned, John 5:24; κρίσις τοῦ κόσμου τούτου, the condemnatory sentence passed upon this world, in that it is convicted of wickedness and its power broken, John 12:31; περί κρίσεως, of judgment passed (see κρίνω, 5 a. β. at the end), John 16:8,11. β. the last judgment, the damnation of the wicked: ἀνάστασις κρίσεως, followed by condemnation, John 5:29 (cf. Winer's Grammar, sec. 30, 2 β.). γ. both the preceding notions are combined in John 5:30; ἡ κρίσις πᾶσα, the whole business of judging (cf. Winer's Grammar, 548 (510)), ibid. 22. Cf. Groos, Der Begriff der κρίσις bei Johannes (in the Studien und Kritiken for 1868, pp. 244-273).
    4. Like the Chaldean דִּינָא (Dan. 7:10,26; cf. German Gericht) equivalent to the college of judges (a tribunal of seven men in the several cities of Palestine; as distinguished from the Sanhedrin, which had its seat at Jerusalem (cf. Schürer, Neutest. Zeitgesch. sec. 23, ii.; Edersheim, Jesus the Messiah, ii. 287)): Matt. 5:21f (cf. Deut. 16:18; 2 Chr. 19:6 ; Josephus, Antiquities 4, 8, 14; b. j. 2, 20, 5).
    5. Like the Hebrew מִשְׁפָּט (cf. Gesenius, Thesaurus, iii., p. 1464b (also the Septuagint in Gen. 18:19, 25; Isa. 5:7; 56:1; 59:8; Jer. 17:11; 1 Macc. 7:18; and other passages referred to in Gesenius, the passage cited)), right, justice: Matt. 23:23; Luke 11:42; what shall have the force of right, ἀπαγγέλλειν τίνι, Matt. 12:18; a just cause, Matt. 12:20 (on which see ἐκβάλλω, 1 g.).*
  • Gingrich, Greek New Testament Lexicon — 3851 κρίσις
    κρίσις, εως, ἡ—1. judging, judgment Mt 10:15; Lk 10:14; J 5:30; 2 Th 1:5; Hb 9:27; 2 Pt 2:9; Jd 6. κρίσιν ποιεῖν act as judge J 5:27. Condemnation, punishment Mt 23:33; J 5:24, 29; Hb 10:27; Js 5:12; Rv 18:10; 19:2.—2. board of judges, local court Mt 5:21f.—3. right in the sense of justice, righteousness Mt 12:18, 20; 23:23; Lk 11:42. This meaning is also possible for J 7:24; 12:31; Ac 8:33 and others. [crisis] [pg 113]

krisis - Bible Occurrences

This word, κρίσις (krisis), occurs 47 times in the following 46 verses of the New Testament:
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DIAKRISIS - DISCERNMENT

The Greek noun, διάκρισις (diakrisis), is also etymologically related to the noun, κρίσις (krisis). It suggests the ability to form judgment, to discern or to distinguish. It can also mean arguing or the ability to argue.

diakrisis - Lexicons and Dictionaries

The following lexicon and dictionary entries for διάκρισις (diakrisis) help us ensure that we are not prejudicially loading the translated English words with a modern or personal connotation:
  • Friberg, Analytical Greek Lexicon — 6302 διάκρισις, εως, ἡ (1) as the ability to evaluate and decide discernment, differentiation (1C 12.10); (2) of divergent opinions disputing, judgment, argument (RO 14.1)
  • Barclay Newman, Greek-English Dictionary — 1479 διάκρισις , εως f ability to discriminate; arguing, dispute (Ro 14.1)
  • Louw-Nida, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament — 30.112 διάκρισις, εως f: (derivative of διακρίνω 'to evaluate carefully,' 30.109) the ability to evaluate and judge - 'to be able to judge, ability to make judgments, ability to decide.' ἄλλῳ δὲ διακρίσεις πνευμάτων 'to another is given the ability to judge the genuineness of gifts that come from the Spirit and those that do not' 1 Cor 12.10. In rendering 1 Cor 12.10 it is essential to recognize that the process of judging must have both positive and negative aspects, so that πνευμάτων must imply gifts which are genuinely from the Spirit of God and those which are not.
  • Liddell-Scott, Greek Lexicon (Abridged) — 10224 διάκρισις
    διάκρι²σις, εως, ἡ, (διακρίνω) separation, dissolution, Emped.
    1. a decision, judgment, Xen.
  • Thayer, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament — 1319 διάκρισις
    διάκρισις, διακρισεως, ἡ (διακρίνω), a distinguishing, discerning, judging: πνευμάτων, 1 Cor. 12:10; καλοῦ τέ καί κακοῦ, Heb. 5:14; μή εἰς διακρίσεις διαλογισμῶν, not for the purpose of passing judgment on opinions, as to which one is to be preferred as the more correct, Rom. 14:1 (see διαλοσμος, 1). (Xenophon, Plato, others.)*
  • Gingrich, Greek New Testament Lexicon — 1553 διάκρισις 
    διάκρισις, εως, ἡ—1. distinguishing, differentiation 1 Cor 12:10; Hb 5:14.—2. quarrel Ro 14:1; Ac 4:32 v.l.* [diacritical] [pg 46]

diakrisis - Bible Occurrences

This word, διάκρισις (diakrisis), occurs 3 times in the following 3 verses of the New Testament:
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KATAKRISIS - CONDEMNATION

The Greek noun, κατάκρισις (katakrisis), is closely related to the noun, κρίσις (krisis) and judgment; however, it seems to always refer to negative judgment and condemnation, whether it was issued by God (II Corinthians 3:9) or by men (II Corinthians 7:3).

katakrisis - Lexicons and Dictionaries

The following lexicon and dictionary entries for κατάκρισις (katakrisis) help us ensure that we are not prejudicially loading the translated English words with a modern or personal connotation:
  • Friberg, Analytical Greek Lexicon — 15139 κατάκρισις, εως, ἡ as an action condemnation (2C 3.9); πρὸς κατάκρισιν οὐ λέγω I do not say (this) to condemn, blame someone (2C 7.3)
  • Barclay Newman, Greek-English Dictionary — 3281 κατάκρισις , εως f condemnation; perhaps doom, punishment
  • Louw-Nida, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament — 56.31 κατακρίνω ; κατάκρισις, εως f ; κατάκριμα, τος n ; καταδικάζω ; καταδίκη, ης f: to judge someone as definitely guilty and thus subject to punishment - 'to condemn, to render a verdict of guilt, condemnation.' κατακρίνω: οἱ δὲ πάντες κατέκριναν αὐτὸν ἔνοχον εἶναι θανάτου 'they all decided he was guilty and worthy of death' Mk 14.64; ἵνα μὴ σὺν τῷ κόσμῳ κατακριθῶμεν 'so that we shall not be condemned together with the world' 1 Cor 11.32. κατάκρισις: εἰ γὰρ τῇ διακονίᾳ τῆς κατακρίσεως δόξα 'if the service by which people are condemned was glorious' 2 Cor 3.9. κατάκριμα: τὸ ... κρίμα ἐξ ἑνὸς εἰς κατάκριμα 'the ... verdict followed one (offense) and brought condemnation' Ro 5.16. καταδικάζω: οὐκ ἂν κατεδικάσατε τοὺς ἀναιτίους 'you would not condemn people who are not guilty' Mt 12.7. καταδίκη: αἰτούμενοι κατ᾽ αὐτοῦ καταδίκην 'they asked that he be condemned' Ac 25.15.
  • Thayer, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament — 2784 κατάκρισις
    κατάκρισις, κατακρίσεως, ἡ (κατακρίνω), condemnation: 2 Cor. 3:9 (see δικονια, 2 a.); πρός κατάκρισιν, in order to condemn, 2 Cor. 7:3. (Not found in secular authors.)*
  • Gingrich, Greek New Testament Lexicon — 3450 κατάκρισις
    κατάκρισις, εως, ἡ condemnation 2 Cor 3:9; 7:3.* [pg 102]

katakrisis - Bible Occurrences

This word, κατάκρισις (katakrisis), occurs 2 times in the following 2 verses of the New Testament:
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KRIMA - JUDGMENT

The Greek noun, κρίμα (krima), is closely related to the verb, κρίνω (krino), as judgment is the result of judging. Please note that this word is used almost exclusively of final, negative punishment in judgment, whether being sentenced to physical death by men or spiritual death by the Lord. The few exceptions are reference to the general decrees (judgments, Romans 11:33) of God; Jesus’ comming, which effected the eternal division between righteous and wicked (John 9:39), and Corinthians seeking judgments against each other in carnal courts (I Corinthians 6:7). Additionally, this noun may have reference to men making harsh judgments in: Matthew 7:2; Romans 3:8; James 3:1, although these passages may alternatively refer to the eternal condemnation from God or men attempting the same judgment.

krima - Lexicons and Dictionaries

The following lexicon and dictionary entries for κρίμα (krima) help us ensure that we are not prejudicially loading the translated English words with a modern or personal connotation:
  • Friberg, Analytical Greek Lexicon — 16642 κρίμα, ατος, τό (1) as an administrative decree, the result of κρίνω (evaluate, judge) judgment, verdict, sentence (LU 24.20); often in an unfavorable sense condemnation, punishment (2P 2.3); (2) as the function of a judge authority to judge, judgment, judging (RV 20.4); (3) as a legal action or process lawsuit (1C 6.7)
  • Barclay Newman, Greek-English Dictionary — 3634 κρίμα , τος n judgment; decision, verdict; condemnation, punishment; lawsuit (1 Cor 6.7); power or authority to judge (Re 20.4)
  • Louw-Nida, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament — 56.20 κρίνω ; κρίσις, εως f ; κρίμα, τος n: to decide a question of legal right or wrong, and thus determine the innocence or guilt of the accused and assign appropriate punishment or retribution - 'to decide a legal question, to act as a judge, making a legal decision, to arrive at a verdict, to try a case' (in the passive 'to stand trial'). κρίνω: σὺ κάθῃ κρίνων με κατὰ τὸν νόμον 'you sit (there) to judge me according to the Law' Ac 23.3; εἶπεν οὖν αὐτοῖς ὁ Πιλᾶτος, Λάβετε αὐτὸν ὑμεῖς, καὶ κατὰ τὸν νόμον ὑμῶν κρίνατε αὐτόν 'Pilate said to them, Take him yourselves and try him according to your law' Jn 18.31; ἕως πότε, ὁ δεσπότης ὁ ἅγιος καὶ ἀληθινός, οὐ κρίνεις καὶ ἐκδικεῖς τὸ αἷμα ἡμῶν ἐκ τῶν κατοικούντων ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς 'almighty Lord, holy and true! How long will it be until you judge the people on earth and punish them for killing us?' or '... avenge our blood?' Re 6.10. κρίσις: ἀνεκτότερον ἔσται γῇ Σοδόμων καὶ Γομόρρων ἐν ἡμέρᾳ κρίσεως ἢ τῇ πόλει ἐκείνῃ 'on the day when he judges, he will show more mercy to the people of Sodom and Gomorrah than to the people of that town' Mt 10.15. κρίμα: διαλεγομένου δὲ αὐτοῦ περὶ δικαιοσύνης καὶ ἐγκρατείας καὶ τοῦ κρίματος τοῦ μέλλοντος 'but as he went on discussing about goodness, self-control, and the coming day when (God) will judge everyone' Ac 24.25.
    The process of legal judging is often expressed idiomatically. In Africa, one of the standard phrases for judging is 'to cut a palaver,' but other expressions in other languages may be 'to find guilt,' 'to point the finger at wrong,' or 'to untangle strife.'
  • Liddell-Scott, Greek Lexicon (Abridged) — 25232 κρῖμα, κρίμα
    κρῖμα, ατος, τό, (κρίνω) a decision, judgment, N.T.: sentence, condemnation, Ib.
    1. a matter for judgment, law-suit, Ib.
  • Thayer, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament — 3090 κρίμα
    κρίμα (G T WH) or κρίμα (L Tr (more commonly)) (on the accent cf. Winer's Grammar, p. 50; Lipsius, Grammat. Untersuch., p. 40f (who gives the preference to κρίμα, as do Alexander Buttmann (1873) 78 (64); Cobet (N. T. ad fid. etc., p. 49f); Fritzsche (Romans, vol. i., 96, 107); others; "videtur ι᾽ antiquitati Graecae, ι᾽ Alexandrinae aetati placuisse," Tdf. Proleg. to the Septuagint edition 4, p. xxx.; on the accent in extant manuscripts see Tdf. Proleg., p. 101; cf. especially Lobeck, Paralip., p. 418)), κρίματος, τό (from κρίνω, which see; as κλίμα from κλίνω) )Aeschylus down(, the Septuagint very often for מִשְׁפָּט;
    1. a decree: plural, τοῦ Θεοῦ, Rom. 11:33 (others here (with A. V.) judgments; cf. Weiss in Meyer at the passage) (Ps. 118:75 (Ps. 119:75)).
    2. judgment; i. e. condemnation of wrong, the decision (whether severe or mild) which one passes on the faults of others: κρίματι τίνι κρίνειν, Matt. 7:2. In a forensic sense, the sentence of a judge: with a genitive of the punishment to which one is sentenced, θανάτου, Luke 24:20; especially the sentence of God as judge: τό κρίμα ... εἰς κατάκριμα, the judgment (in which God declared sin to be punishable with death) issued in condemnation, i. e. was condemnation to all who sinned and therefore paid the penalty of death Rom. 5:16; especially where the justice of God in punishing is to be shown, κρίμα denotes condemnatory sentence, penal judgment, sentence, 2 Pet. 2:3; Jude 1:4; with the genitive of the one who pronounces judgment, τοῦ Θεοῦ, Rom. 2:2f; λαμβάνεσθαι κρίμα, Matt. 23:13(14) Rec.; Mark 12:40; Luke 20:47; Rom. 13:2; James 3:1; the one on whom God passes judgment is said ἔχειν κρίμα, 1 Tim. 5:12; (βαστάζειν τό κρίμα, to bear the force of the condemnatory judgment in suffering punishment (see βαστάζω, 2), Gal. 5:10; κρίμα ἐσθίειν ἑαυτῷ, so to eat as to incur the judgment or punishment of God, 1 Cor. 11:29; εἰς κρίμα συνέρχεσθαι, to incur the condemnation of God, 34; εἶναι ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ κρίματι, to lie under the same condemnation, pay the same penalty, Luke 23:40; with the genitive of the one on whom condemnation is passed, Rom. 3:8; 1 Tim. 3:6; Rev. 17:1. the judgment which is formed or passed: by God, through what Christ accomplished on earth, εἰς κρίμα ἐγώ εἰς τόν κόσμον τοῦτον ἦλθον, where by way of explanation is added ἵνα κτλ., to this end, that etc. John 9:39; τό κρίμα ἄρχεται, the execution of judgment as displayed in the infliction of punishment, 1 Pet. 4:17; the last or final judgment is called τοῦ κρίματος τοῦ μέλλοντος, Acts 24:25; κρίματος αἰωνίου, eternally in force, Heb. 6:2; the vindication of one's right, κρίνειν τό κρίμα τίνος ἐκ τίνος, to vindicate one's right by taking vengeance or inflicting punishment on another, Rev. 18:20 ((R. V. God hath judged your judgment on her), see ἐκ, I. 7); equivalent to the power and business of judging: κρίμα διδόναι τίνι, Rev. 20:4.
    3. a matter to be judicially decided, a lawsuit, a case in court: κρίματα ἔχειν μετά τίνος, 1 Cor. 6:7.*
  • Gingrich, Greek New Testament Lexicon — 3848 κρίμα
    κρίμα, ατος, τό lawsuit 1 Cor 6:7. Decision, decree Ro 11:33. Judging, judgment Mt 7:2; Ac 24:25; Hb 6:2; 1 Pt 4:17; authority to judge Rv 20:4. Verdict Ro 5:16. Mostly condemnation, sentence, punishment Mk 12:40; Lk 24:20; Ro 2:2f; 3:8; 1 Cor 11:29, 34; 1 Ti 5:12; 2 Pt 2:3; Rv 17:1. [pg 113]

krima - Bible Occurrences

This word, κρίμα (krima), occurs 27 times in the following 27 verses of the New Testament:
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KATAKRIMA - CONDEMNATION

The Greek word, κατάκριμα (katakrima), is the noun form of the verb, κατακρίνω (katakrino), and likewise, it is always negative, relating to a guilty verdict, condemnation, and even execution of that verdict.

katakrima - Lexicons and Dictionaries

The following lexicon and dictionary entries for κατάκριμα (katakrima) help us ensure that we are not prejudicially loading the translated English words with a modern or personal connotation:
  • Friberg, Analytical Greek Lexicon — 15126 κατάκριμα, ατος, τό as a legal technical term for the result of judging, including both the sentence and its execution condemnation, sentence of doom, punishment
  • Barclay Newman, Greek-English Dictionary — 3279 κατάκριμα , τος n condemnation
  • Louw-Nida, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament — 56.31 κατακρίνω ; κατάκρισις, εως f ; κατάκριμα, τος n ; καταδικάζω ; καταδίκη, ης f: to judge someone as definitely guilty and thus subject to punishment - 'to condemn, to render a verdict of guilt, condemnation.' κατακρίνω: οἱ δὲ πάντες κατέκριναν αὐτὸν ἔνοχον εἶναι θανάτου 'they all decided he was guilty and worthy of death' Mk 14.64; ἵνα μὴ σὺν τῷ κόσμῳ κατακριθῶμεν 'so that we shall not be condemned together with the world' 1 Cor 11.32. κατάκρισις: εἰ γὰρ τῇ διακονίᾳ τῆς κατακρίσεως δόξα 'if the service by which people are condemned was glorious' 2 Cor 3.9. κατάκριμα: τὸ ... κρίμα ἐξ ἑνὸς εἰς κατάκριμα 'the ... verdict followed one (offense) and brought condemnation' Ro 5.16. καταδικάζω: οὐκ ἂν κατεδικάσατε τοὺς ἀναιτίους 'you would not condemn people who are not guilty' Mt 12.7. καταδίκη: αἰτούμενοι κατ᾽ αὐτοῦ καταδίκην 'they asked that he be condemned' Ac 25.15.
  • Liddell-Scott, Greek Lexicon (Abridged) — 22895 κατάκριμα
    κατάκρι²μα, τό, condemnation, judgment, N.T. From κατακρίνω
  • Thayer, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament — 2782 κατάκριμα
    κατάκριμα, κατακριματος, τό (κατακρίνω), damnatory sentence, condemnation: Rom. 5:16 (on which see κρίμα, 2), Rom. 5:18; 8:1. (κατακριματων ἀφέσεις, Dionysius Halicarnassus 6, 61.)*
  • Gingrich, Greek New Testament Lexicon — 3448 κατάκριμα
    κατάκριμα, ατος, τό punishment, doom Ro 5:16, 18; 8:1.* [pg 102]

katakrima - Bible Occurrences

This word, κατάκριμα (katakrima), occurs 3 times in the following 3 verses of the New Testament:
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KATADIKAZO - CONDEMN

The Greek verb, καταδικάζω (katadikazo), is very similar to κατακρίνω (katakrino) in that it also always refers to a negative judgment of guilt requiring punishment.

katadikazo - Lexicons and Dictionaries

The following lexicon and dictionary entries for καταδικάζω (katadikazo) help us ensure that we are not prejudicially loading the translated English words with a modern or personal connotation:
  • Friberg, Analytical Greek Lexicon — 15030 καταδικάζω 1aor. κατεδίκασα; 1aor. pass. κατεδικάσθην; as a legal technical term condemn, give judgment against, declare guilty
  • Barclay Newman, Greek-English Dictionary — 3256 καταδικάζω condemn
  • Louw-Nida, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament — 56.31 κατακρίνω ; κατάκρισις, εως f ; κατάκριμα, τος n ; καταδικάζω ; καταδίκη, ης f: to judge someone as definitely guilty and thus subject to punishment - 'to condemn, to render a verdict of guilt, condemnation.' κατακρίνω: οἱ δὲ πάντες κατέκριναν αὐτὸν ἔνοχον εἶναι θανάτου 'they all decided he was guilty and worthy of death' Mk 14.64; ἵνα μὴ σὺν τῷ κόσμῳ κατακριθῶμεν 'so that we shall not be condemned together with the world' 1 Cor 11.32. κατάκρισις: εἰ γὰρ τῇ διακονίᾳ τῆς κατακρίσεως δόξα 'if the service by which people are condemned was glorious' 2 Cor 3.9. κατάκριμα: τὸ ... κρίμα ἐξ ἑνὸς εἰς κατάκριμα 'the ... verdict followed one (offense) and brought condemnation' Ro 5.16. καταδικάζω: οὐκ ἂν κατεδικάσατε τοὺς ἀναιτίους 'you would not condemn people who are not guilty' Mt 12.7. καταδίκη: αἰτούμενοι κατ᾽ αὐτοῦ καταδίκην 'they asked that he be condemned' Ac 25.15.
  • Liddell-Scott, Greek Lexicon (Abridged) — 22718 καταδικάζω
    κατα-δι²κάζω, f. άσω: Pass., aor. i κατεδικάσθην:pf. καταδεδίκασμαι:-to give judgment against a person, pass sentence upon him, condemn him, opp. to ἀποδικάζω, c. gen. pers. et acc. rei, κ. τινὸς θάνατον to pass sentence of death upon him, Hdt.; c. inf., κ. τινὸς τὰ ἔσχατα παθεῖν to condemn him to suffer extreme penalties, Xen.:-Med. to get sentence given against one, δίκην καταδικάζεσθαί τινος Thuc.:-Pass., καταδικασθείς condemned, Plat.; c. inf., καταδικάζεται ἀποθανεῖν Luc.; of the sentence, ἀντέλεγον μὴ δικαίως σφῶν καταδεδικάσθαι they contended that judgment had been given against them unjustly, Thuc.
    1. to declare by express judgment, Xen.
  • Thayer, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament — 2760 καταδικάζω
    καταδικάζω; 1 aorist κατεδίκασα; 1 aorist passive κατεδικασθην; 1 future passive καταδικασθήσομαι; to give judgment against (one), to pronounce guilty; to condemn; in classical Greek (where it differs from κρίνειν in giving prominence to the formal and official as distinguished from the inward and logical judging (cf. Schmidt, Synonym, chapter 18, 6)) it is followed by the genitive of the person, in the N. T. by the accusative (Buttmann, sec. 132, 16): Matt. 12:7; Luke 6:37 (here Tr marginal reading the simple verb); James 5:6; passive, Matt. 12:37; (Luke 6:37b (not Tr marginal reading)). (the Septuagint Lam. 3:35; Josephus, Antiquities 7, 11, 3.)*
  • Gingrich, Greek New Testament Lexicon — 3422 καταδικάζω
    καταδικάζω condemn, find or pronounce guilty Mt 12:7, 37; Lk 6:37; Js 5:6.* [pg 102]

katadikazo - Bible Occurrences

This word, καταδικάζω (katadikazo), occurs 5 times in the following 4 verses of the New Testament:
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DOKIMAZO - TO PROVE

The Greek verb, δοκιμάζω (dokimazo), is conceptually related to the previous words, because it involves the process of examination followed by a conclusion, which requires judging. The word implies that one tests or proves through experimentation to determine acceptability. It is somewhat more positive in that the contextual goal is generally to find that which is good, approval worthy. However, the negative possibility is necessarily present, even if it is not the desired goal in each case.

dokimazo - Lexicons and Dictionaries

The following lexicon and dictionary entries for δοκιμάζω (dokimazo) help us ensure that we are not prejudicially loading the translated English words with a modern or personal connotation:
  • Friberg, Analytical Greek Lexicon — 7046 δοκιμάζω fut. δοκιμάσω; 1aor. ἐδοκίμασα; pf. pass. δεδοκίμασμαι; (1) as making an examination put to the test, examine, prove (by testing) (LU 14.19); as testing or proving the will of God prove (RO 12.2); as testing oneself by self-examination test, examine (2C 13.5); as being aware of the progress of history test (the times) (LU 12.56); (2) as accepting the result of an examination of a person regard as approved, consider qualified, approve (1C 16.3); as accepting the result of examination of a thing think of as valuable or worthwhile (RO 1.28)
  • Barclay Newman, Greek-English Dictionary — 1645 δοκιμάζω test, examine; interpret, discern, discover; approve; prove, demonstrate
  • Louw-Nida, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament — 27.45 δοκιμάζω ; δοκιμή, ῆς f ; δοκίμιον, ου n ; δοκιμασία, ας f: to try to learn the genuineness of something by examination and testing, often through actual use - 'to test, to examine, to try to determine the genuineness of, testing.' δοκιμάζω: ζεύγη βοῶν ἠγόρασα πέντε καὶ πορεύομαι δοκιμάσαι αὐτά 'I bought five pairs of oxen and am on my way to test them out' Lk 14.19; δοκιμαζέτω δὲ ἄνθρωπος ἑαυτόν, καὶ οὕτως ἐκ τοῦ ἄρτου ἐσθιέτω καὶ ἐκ τοῦ ποτηρίου πινέτω 'everyone should examine himself, and then eat the bread and drink from the cup' 1 Cor 11.28. δοκιμή: ἐν πολλῇ δοκιμῇ θλίψεως 'being tested severely by the troubles' 2 Cor 8.2. δοκίμιον: τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως κατεργάζεται ὑπομονήν 'the testing of your faith produces endurance' Jas 1.3. δοκιμασία: οὗ ἐπείρασαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν ἐν δοκιμασίᾳ 'when your fathers tested and tried (me)' He 3.9.
  • Liddell-Scott, Greek Lexicon (Abridged) — 11314 δοκιμάζω
    δοκιμάζω, f. άσω, (δόκιμος) to assay or test metals, to see if they be pure, Isocr., etc.
    1. of persons, to put to the test, make trial of, scrutinise, Hdt., Thuc.:-then, to approve, Id., Plat., etc.; c. inf., ἐκπονεῖν ἐδοκίμαζε he approved of their working, Xen.
    2. at Athens, to approve as fit for an office, and in Pass. to be approved as fit, Plat., etc.; c. inf., ἱππεύειν δεδοκιμασμένος Xen.
      1. to examine and admit boys to the class of ἔφηβοι or ἔφηβοι to the rights of manhood; and in Pass. to be so admitted, Ar., etc.; ἕως ἀνὴρ εἶναι δοκιμασθείην Dem.
    3. c. inf. to think fit to do, or with negat. to refuse to do, N.T. Hence δοκιμασία
  • Thayer, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament — 1457 δοκιμάζω
    δοκιμάζω; (future δοκιμάσω); 1 aorist ἐδοκίμασά; passive, (present δοκιμάζομαι); perfect δεδοκίμασμαι; (δόκιμος); the Septuagint chiefly for בָּחַן; as in Greek writings from (Herodotus, Thucydides), Xenophon, and Plato onward, to try;
    1. to test, examine, prove, scrutinize (to see whether a thing be genuine or not), as metals: χρυσίον διά πυρός (Isocrates, p. 240 d. (i. e. Panathen. sec. 14); ad Demon., p. 7 b. (here Bekker βασανίζομεν); the Septuagint, Prov. 8:10; Sir. 2:5; Sap. 3:6; ἄργυρον, Prov. 17:3 (cf. Zech. 13:9)), 1 Pet. 1:7; other things: Luke 12:56; 14:19; 2 Cor. 8:8; Gal. 6:4; 1 Thess. 2:4; 5:21; τά διαφέροντα, Rom. 2:18; Phil. 1:10 (others refer these passages to 2; see διαφέρω, 2 b.); men, 1 Tim. 3:10 (in the passive); ἑαυτόν, 1 Cor. 11:28; 2 Cor. 13:5 (cf. ἐξετάζειν ἑαυτόν, Xenophon, mem. 2, 5, 1 and 4); Θεόν, Heb. 3:9 (R G, from Ps. 94:9 (Ps. 95:9); on the sense of the phrase see πειράζω, 2 d. β.); τά πνεύματα, followed by εἰ whether etc. 1 John 4:1; followed by indirect discourse, Rom. 12:2; 1 Cor. 3:13; Eph. 5:10.
    2. to recognize as genuine after examination, to approve, deem worthy: 1 Cor. 16:3; τινα σπουδαῖον ὄντα, 2 Cor. 8:22; ἐν ᾧ δοκιμάζει for ἐν τούτῳ, ὁ δοκιμάζει in that which he approves, deems right, Rom. 14:22; δεδοκιμάσμεθα ὑπό τοῦ Θεοῦ πιστευθῆναι τό εὐαγγέλιον we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the business of pointing out to men the way of salvation, 1 Thess. 2:4; our οὐκ ἐδοκίμασαν τόν Θεόν ἔχειν ἐν ἐπιγνώσει they did not think God worthy to be kept in knowledge, Rom. 1:28. (On δοκιμάζω (as compared with πειράζω) see Trench, sec. lxxiv.; Cremer, under the word πειράζω. Compare: ἀποδοκιμάζω.)*
  • Gingrich, Greek New Testament Lexicon — 1730 δοκιμάζω
    δοκιμάζω—1. put to the test, examine Lk 14:19; 1 Cor 11:28; Gal 6:4; 1 Th 5:21; 1 Ti 3:10; try to learn Eph 5:10; discover Ro 12:2.—2. prove by testing 1 Pt 1:7. Accept as proved, approve 1 Cor 16:3; 2 Cor 8:8, 22; see fit Ro 1:28. For Ro 2:18 and Phil 1:10 discover and approve are both possible. [pg 51]

dokimazo - Bible Occurrences

This word, δοκιμάζω (dokimazo), occurs 22 times in the following 20 verses of the New Testament:
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 Trevor Bowen

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